THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


B,  v.  r>AK.£tt 

LAWtEK 
EAULA! 


THE 


MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


A 

COMPLETE  SYSTEM  OF  LIGHT-LINE  PHONOGRAPHY, 

BEING 

A    PLAIN    AND    PRACTICAL    METHOD    FOR    ACQUIRING    A    PERFECT 

KNOWLEDGE    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    THE    BEST 

PHONETIC   SHORT-HAND. 


BY 

GEORGE   H.   THORNTON, 

PRESIDENT   OF   THE   NEW   YORK    8TATK    STENOGRAPHERS'    ASSOCIATION,    STENOGRAPHER   OF 

THE   SUPREME   COURT,   EIGHTH  JUDICIAL  DISTRICT,   AND   OF  THE  COUNTY   AND 

SURROGATE  COURTS  OF  NIAGARA,  GENK8EE,  AND  WYOMING  COUNTIES. 


NEW  YORK  •:•  CINCINNATI  -:•  CHICAGO 
AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY. 

FROM  THK  n:i:ss  OK 
D.   APPLETON   &   COMPANY. 


COPYRIGHT  BY 

D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY, 

1882. 


TO 

THE    HON.    ALBERT    HAIGHT, 

JUSTICE   OF   THE    SUPREME    COURT, 
2IGIITH    JUDICIAL    DISTRICT,    OF    NEW    YORK. 

THIS    WORK 

IS   RESPECTFULLY   INSCRIBED, 

WITH    THE    HIGH    ESTEEM    OP 

THE   AUTHOR. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION 


CHAPTER 

I.  —  EXPLANATION'S  AND  DIRECTIONS  .............................   13 

Consonants,  14  ;  Vowels,  15  ;  Diphthongs,  15. 

II.  —  MANNER  OF  WRITING  CONSONANTS  .........................   16 

Reading  Exercise  I,  17  ;  Writing  Exercise  I,  17  ;  Reading  Exer- 
cise II,  18  ;  Writing  Exercise  II,  19  ;  Reading  Exercise  III,  19  ; 
Writing  Exercise  III,  19. 

III.  —  VOCALIZATION  ...........................................   20 

Reading  Exercise  IV,  21  ;  Writing  Exercise  IV,  22  ;  Position  of 
Consonant  Outlines,  -2-2  ;  Upward  R,  23  ;  Uses  of  AT,  24;  Ray, 
24  ;  R  between  other  Stems,  24. 

IV.  —  CIRCLES  FOR  S  AND  Z  ....................................   25 

The  Circle  between  Stems,  25  ;  Circle  not  used  in  certain  cases, 
26  ;  Reading  Exercise  V,  26  ;  Writing  Exercise  V,  27  ;  Large 
Circle,  27  ;  Reading  Exercise  VI,  28  ;  Writing  Exercise  VI,  28  ; 
Loops,  28  ;  Reading  Exercise  VII,  29  ;  Writing  Exercise  VII, 
29  ;  Reading  Exercise  VIII,  29  ;  Writing  Exercise  VIII,  29  ; 
Circles  added  to  Loops  and  Large  Circles,  30  ;  Reading  Exer- 
cise IX,  30  ;  Writing  Exercise  IX,  30  ;  Brief  Way  and  Yay 
Scries.  •!')  :  Additional  Signs  for  the  Aspirate,  31. 

V.  —  CONSONANT  STROKES  MODIFIED  BY  HOOKS  ....................  32 

L  Hook,  32  ;  R  Hook,  32  ;  Reading  Exercise  X,  32  ;  Writing 
Exercise  X,  33  ;  F  and  VII'...  ks,  B8;  X  Il-i-k,  3";  Y  Hook, 
34  ;  W  Hook,  34  ;  Shun  Hook,  34  ;  Ter  Hook,  34  ;  Reading 
Exercise  XI,  35  ;  Writing  Exercise  XI,  35. 

VI.  —  ADDITIONAL  HOOKS  .......  ,  ..............................   36 

Vocalization  of  Stems  with  Hooks,  36  ;  Large  Circles  and  Loops 
with  Hooks,  38  ;  Reading  Exercise  XII,  33  ;  Writing  Exercise 
XII,  38  ;  Reading  Exercise  XIII,  39  ;  Writing  Exercise  XIII, 
39  ;  Initial  Curved  Tick  for  N,  39  ;  Final  Tick  for  Eshon,  40; 
Reading  Exercise,  XIV,  40  -,  Writing  Exercise  XIV,  40. 


448299 


6  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

VII. — SHORTENING  AND  LENGTHENING  PRINCIPLES 41 

Shortening,  41 ;  Heading  Exercise  XV,  42 ;  Writing  Exercise 
XV,  42  ;  Lengthening,  42 ;  Beading  Exercise  XVI,  43  ;  Writ- 
ing Exercise  XVI,  43. 

VIII.— WORD-SIGNS 44 

IX. — PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 52 

X. — PHRASING 55 

S  Circle,  56  ;  Small  Loop,  57  ;  L  Hook,  57  ;  R  Hook,  57  ;  W 
Hook,  57 ;  Y  Hook,  57  ;  F.  Hook,  57  ;  N  Hook,  58 ;  Ter 
Hook  and  Lengthening,  58  ;  Shortening,  58  ;  Not,  58 ;  I  and 
The,  58 ;  A,  An,  or  And,  59  ;  Of,  59  ;  To,  59  ;  Or,  59 ;  Ray  in 
Phrases,  59  ;  Any  tiling,  60  ;  lie  in  Phrases,  60 ;  Stems  not 
Shaded,  60  ;  Outlines  not  Vocalized,  61. 

XI. — How  TO  PRACTICE 62 

XII.— PHRASING 64 

XIII. — READING  PHONOGRAPHY 74 

Reporting  as  a  Mental  Exercise,  77 ;  Reporting  at  Chautauqua, 
83 ;  Imaginary  Testimony  introducing  most  of  the  important 
Word-Signs,  89  ;  Portion  of  a  Charge  to  the  Jury  delivered  by 
Hon.  Charles  Daniels,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  113  ;  Su- 
preme Court,  121. 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


INTRODUCTION. 

IN  presenting  a  new  or  modified  system  of  phonog- 
raphy for  public  favor,  it  is,  perhaps,  fitting  that  some 
statement  should  be  made  as  to  its  believed  necessity. 
There  have  been  so  many  systems  heretofore  published, 
and  there  are  so  many  now  in  use,  that,  unless  a  sys- 
tem possesses  especial  advantages  over  those  already 
before  the  public,  it  would  be  useless  to  add  another 
to  the  list. 

The  system  presented  in  these  pages  has  for  many 
years  been  in  actual  use,  not  only  by  the  author,  but  by 
other  stenographers  thoroughly  competent  to  test  its 
value.  It  has  been  exhaustively  tried  in  all  the  varied 
branches  of  stenographic  work,  and  has  been  shown  to 
possess  unequaled  advantages  in  every  particular.  It 
has  been  found  to  meet  all  the  demands  of  verbatim 
reporting,  both  in  point  of  speed  and  legibility. 

Phonography  has  now  been  long  before  the  public. 
It  has  been  not  only  a  theoretical  exposition  of  a  sys- 
tem of  brief  writing,  but  a  system  that  has  become 
recognized  as  practically  fitted  for  reporting  the  most 


8  THE   MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

rapid  utterances.  It  has  been  widely  practiced  through- 
out the  English-speaking  world.  In  our  country  the 
class  of  men  engaged  in  stenographic  work  is  one  of 
which  any  profession  might  well  feel  proud.  They  are, 
for  the  most  part,  men  of  intellect  and  education.  They 
are  men  who  have  taken  up  stenography  with  an  active 
intelligence,  as  great  as  is  required  for  achieving  suc- 
cess in  any  other  business  or  professional  pursuit.  They 
have  qualified  themselves  not  only  by  a  practical  educa- 
tion, by  a  keen  insight  into  the  needs  of  their  profes- 
sion, and  by  a  long  training  for  the  attainment  of  the 
utmost  possible  skill,  but  also  by  the  most  thorough 
analysis  of  stenographic  principles.  ^Xow,  phonography 
being  practiced  by  men  of  such  broad  culture,  and 
being  largely  a  progressive  art,  it  would  be  strange, 
indeed,  if  there  were  not  many  valuable  suggestions 
made  for  its  improvement.  We  find,  accordingly,  that 
such  suggestions  have  been  made,  and  many  of  them  of 
great  importance  in  their  character.  And  for  these  rea- 
sons, if  for  no  other,  a  system  which  embraces  the  really 
valuable  features,  the  real  improvements  which  have 
grown  up  as  the  result  of  an  intelligent  experience,  and 
which  discards  the  weak  elements  by  a  sort  of  special 
law  of  natural  selection,  certainly  needs  no  apology.  It 
has  been  the  aim  of  the  author  to  embody  in  this  work, 
together  with  his  own  improvements  on  the  system,  all 
the  modifications  which  practical  experience  has  shown 
to  be  advantageous. 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

It  may  be  well  to  state  briefly  some  of  the  new  and 
valuable  features  which  have  brought  about  important 
changes  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  the  art.  There 
has  been  a  tendency  of  late  years  among  stenographers 
to  simplify  :  to  make  a  rule,  when  once  laid  down,  as 
far  as  practically  possible  a  universal  rule,  so  general  as 
to  rid  it  of  all  exceptions  which  could  without  disad- 
vantage be  discarded.  The  benefit  to  be  derived  from 
this  system  of  generalizing  can  not  be  too  highly  com- 
mended. Every  exception  introduced  into  a  phono- 
graphic system  causes  a  writer  just  so  much  embarrass- 
ment. Long  practice  may  enable  him  to  rid  himself 
to  a  certain  extent  of  its  disagreeable  effects ;  but,  un- 
less there  are  great  counterbalancing  advantages  arising 
from  such  exceptional  feature,  the  character  can  never 
be  written  with  the  same  rapidity  as  would  result  if 
the  exception  were  not  introduced. 

Another  tendency  observable  among  the  more  effi- 
cient stenographers,  is  to  lessen  the  number  of  brief 
arbitrary  contractions.  It  has  been  observed  that  there 
is  nothing  which  throws  more  doubt  upon  a  system  of 
writing  than  the  introduction  of  a  few  scores  of  words, 
not  of  the  most  frequent  occurrence,  which,  from  their 
excessively  abbreviated  outlines,  are  not  entirely  legible. 
To  rid  the  system  of  such  questionable  characters  has 
been  one  of  the  aims  of  the  author  in  the  selection  of 
the  word-forms  herein  presented. 

This    leads    directly    to    another    important    feature 


10  THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

which  has  never  as  yet  been  recognized  by  any  work 
upon  phonography,  and  that  is,  a  general  discarding  of 
the  distinction  between  light  and  shaded  stems. 

In  the  practical  application  of  this  principle  there 
has  been  such  an  arrangement  of  the  various  word- 
signs  for  frequently  occurring  words,  and  the  use  of 
such  principles  in  forming  the  consonant  outlines  for 
other  words  in  general,  as  will  make  the  forms  legible, 
and  readily  so,  irrespective  of  the  shading  of  the  con- 
sonant stems,  securing  by  this  means  manifest  advan- 
tages. The  principle  on  which  this  improvement  is 
based  can  be  briefly  stated. 

The  system  of  phonography  invented  by  Isaac  Pit- 
man, is  founded  upon  the  principle  of  a  separate  repre- 
sentation of  the  vowels  and  consonants.  The  conso- 
nant sounds  were  represented  by  simple  straight  and 
curved  stem-signs  joined  together,  the  vowels  by  dots 
and  dashes,  to  be  written  to  the  consonant  outline  after 
it  was  finished.  This  was  done  upon  the  theory  that 
the  consonant  outlines  in  different  positions  would,  when 
framed  together,  form  sufficiently  distinctive  outlines  for 
legibility  without  the  use  of  the  vowel  signs,  except  in 
case  of  unusual  or  peculiar  words.  The  whole  system 
was  constructed  upon  the  idea  that  the  consonant  out- 
lines were  all  that  were  required  for  legibility.  The 
next  point  is  an  important  one  to  be  observed.  It  is 
this :  that  the  consonant  stems  were  ingeniously  ar- 
ranged in  pairs  of  light  and  shaded  strokes;  the  light 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

stem  in  this  arrangement  represents  the  plain  conso- 
nant, while  the  shaded  stem  represents  the  same  conso- 
nant, but  with  the  sub-vocal  element  attached.  This 
being  the  fact,  it  is  but  carrying  Mr.  Pitman's  idea  a 
single  step  further  to  eliminate  the  sub-vocal  along  with 
the  vocal  elements.  This,  though  it  involves  important 
modifications  in  the  details  of  the  system,  is  simply 
the  effect  of  discarding  the  shading.  In  the  few  in- 
stances where  the  stems  are  not  paired  off  thus,  one  or 
the  other  of  the  stem-signs  is  provided  with  a  differ- 
ent mode  of  representation,  so  that  the  effect  is  gener- 
ally preserved. 

The  sound  theory  of  this  method  being  thus  so 
plainly  established,  it  only  remains  to  see  whether  it 
can  be  practically  carried  into  effect.  And,  as  to  this 
point,  it  may  be  observed  that  the  real  reading  feature 
of  any  phonographic  word  is  the  general  shape  of  the 
consonant  outline.  The  shading  or  lack  of  shading  no 
more  determines  its.  legibility  than  the  vocalization  or 
non-vocalization.  This  is  so  essentially  the  case  that  it 
has  finally  become  the  experience  of  the  most  expert 
stenographers  that  outlines  which  depend  upon  shading 
for  their  legibility  are  in  general  unsafe  outlines  to 
adopt. 

Now,  it  has  been  found  in  actual  practice  that  the 
distinction  between  these  light  and  shaded  stems  may 
be  substantially  done  away  with  in  all  ordinary  report- 
ing; not  but  that  a  few  outlines  may  need  shading,  as 


12  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

certain  other  outlines  need  vocalization,  but  in  no  other 
way.  The  great  bulk  of  the  words  in  no  way  require 
this  distinction  to  be  made.  If,  as  experience  has 
taught,  this  shading  of  the  outlines  can  be  done  away 
with,  it  is  useless  to  tell  a  practical  stenographer  of 
the  immense  advantage  in  point  of  speed  to  be  gained 
thereby.  As  to  legibility  in  general,  it  is  not  only  not 
lessened,  but  greatly  enhanced  ;  for  the  doubtful  char- 
acter of  outlines  which  depend  upon  shading  for  legi- 
bility is  recognized,  and  new  forms,  instead  of  similar 
forms  with  the  addition  of  shaded  stems,  are  provided, 
the  increased  legibility  of  which  is  apparent  at  a  glance. 
The  essence  of  this  principle  is  recognized  by  Mr. 
Munson  in  his  "  Complete  Phonographer,"  a  book  in 
most  respects  well  worthy  of  admiration  ;  for  he  there 
says  that  increase  of  speed  is  attended  with  decrease  of 

t/  .1 

force,  and,  therefore,  that  all  stems  should  be  written 
as  light  as  consistent  with  legibility.  If  this  is  true, 
the  converse  of  the  proposition  most  naturally  follows, 
that  the  increase  of  force  necessarily  required  in  the 
shading  of  outlines  must  be  attended  with  decrease  of 
speed.  It  is  so  apparent  that  a  plain  system  can  be 
written  with  a  greatly  increased  rapidity,  that  it  is  hard- 
ly worth  while  to  demonstrate  it.  It  is  a  positive  fact 
which  can  not  be  controverted. 

In  conclusion,  we  intrust  our  work  to  the  public, 
asking  simply  a  fair  and  unprejudiced  examination  of 
it  at  their  hands. 


CHAPTER  I. 

EXPLANATIONS  AND  DIRECTIONS. 

1.  IN  the  phonographic  alphabet  the  consonants  are 
represented  by  straight  and   curved   strokes  or  stems. 
The  vowel  sounds  are  represented  by  dots  and  dashes. 
The  diphthongs  are  represented   by  small  caret-shaped 
marks,  written  in  different  directions. 

It  is  essential  that  the  consonants  should  be  thor- 
oughly memorized  at  the  outset.  To  accomplish  this, 
it  will  be  found  of  advantage  to  write  each  of  the  con- 
sonants repeatedly,  naming  the  character  as  it  is  written. 

2.  The  signs  should  be  traced  slowly  and  carefully 
at  first,  and  until  the  student  is  able  to  form  them  with 
accuracy.     It  can  not  be  too  thoroughly  impressed  upon 
the  mind  of  the  learner  that  it  is  familiarity  with  the 
outlines  which  will  enable  him  to  form  them  with  ra- 
pidity.     He  will  find  little  difficulty  in  writing  them 
quickly   when    this   familiarity   is   attained.      The   real 
aim  of  the  learner  should  be  to  write  with  accuracy ; 
otherwise  he  can  never  hope  to  attain  a  plain  and  legi- 
ble style,  which  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of  vital  impor- 
tance. 


14: 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


3.  After  committing  to  memory  the  consonant  signs, 
the  student  should  next  thoroughly  memorize  the  vow- 
els and  diphthongs. 

a.  To  write  a  word  phonographically,  its  several 
sounds  must  first  be  ascertained,  and  then  the  phono- 
graphic letters  which  represent  them  should  be  written. 
The  spelling  of  a  word  by  the  common  alphabet  is  often 
no  guide  as  to  its  phonographic  representation. 

4.  A  table  of  consonants,  vowels,  and  diphthongs  is 
here  given,  with  the  name  of  each  character  and  the 
sound  it  represents. 

CONSONANTS. 


WAME.       rwMHJ 

pee.  ... 

jBAfii.              BUI<AL>. 

^     .  .p  in  pay. 

ef              \ 

LTH.            BOUW  l>. 

.  f  in  for. 

bee....  ^ 

\    .  .  b  in  bay. 

vee.  ...     V 

.  .  v  in  ever. 

tee  .... 

.  .t  in  time. 

ith  ( 

.  .th  in  think 

dee..  .  . 

.  .  d  in  do. 

thee.  .  .    V 

.  .  th  in  thy. 

chay.  .      x 

.  .  ch  in  which. 

es  / 

.  s  in  sav. 

,7 

+ 

jay....    > 

'  .  .j  in  join. 

zee  ....    / 

.  .  z  in  zero. 

kay  .  .  . 

.  .  k  in  make. 

kli                ) 

OM     1  T"l     C  M  Q  ll 

JoU  ....       ^ 

.  .  oil   III  bllall. 

gay----  _ 

_  ..gin  go. 

zhee.  .  .    s 

.  .  z  in  azure. 

EXPLANATIONS   AND   DIRECTIONS. 


15 


WAME.         PHON 

el 

OORAPH.           SOUND. 

f      .  .  1  in  lie. 
f       .  .y  in  you. 

/    .  .  r  in  run. 
i     .  .  w  in  we. 

VOTS 

SW.              BOUND. 

N.VMK.           I-  HO 

em  .... 
en  

NOGBAFH.           SOUND. 

^-^  .  .  m  in  may. 
^-^  .  .  n  in  no. 
^^  .  .  ng  in  sing. 

6      .  .h  in  have. 

IN.               SOUND. 

jay.... 

ar,  ray.   ^ 
way  .  .  . 

NAME.                 81 

ing.... 
hay  

rELS. 

NAME.                SIC 

e  

....  e  in  we. 

1   

.  .  .  .  i  in  tin. 

a  

....  a  in  age. 

e  

e  in  net. 

ah  - 
aw  .... 

....  a  in  par. 

....  aw  in  paw. 
.  .  .  .  o  in  go. 

a  

o  
ii  

....  o  in  got. 
...  .u  in  but. 

00  _ 

....  o  in  to. 

06  _ 

....  oo  in  rook. 

NAME.  SIGN. 


DIPHTHONGS. 

SOUHD.  NAME.  SIGN. 


i . .  . .  i  in  time. 


. .  oi  in  toil. 


ow . . . .  A     ....  ow  in  cow. 


ew .  . . .  > 


....  ew  in  new. 


NOTE. — The  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  written  alongside  of  the  stroke 
for  t,  in  order  to  denote  the  position  they  occupy  relative  to  the  consonant 
signs. 


OHAPTEK  II. 

MANNER    OF  WRITING   CONSONANTS. 

5.  Horizontal  letters  are  written  from  left  to  right. 
Perpendicular  and  inclined  letters   are   written   down- 
ward, except ../ lay  and  ..._</._  ish,  which  are  written 

either  way,   and  ../L  ray  and  ..A.....  hay,   which  are 
always  written  upward. 

6.  When  el  is  the  only  consonant  stem  in  a  word, 
it  is  invariably  written  upward.     When  ish  is  the  only 
consonant  stem  in  a  word,  it  is  invariably  written  down- 
ward.    When  joined  to  other  stems,  in  a  large  majority 
of  cases,  el  is  likewise  written  upward,  and  ish  down- 
ward. 

a.  The  general  rule  in  regard  to  el  is,  that  it  is 
written  downward  when  it  is  the  initial  consonant 
stroke  in  an  outline  and  preceded  by  a  vowel,  or  is 
the  terminal  consonant  stroke  in  an  outline,  not  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel.  In  other  cases  it  is  usually  written 
upward. 

Where  awkward  junctures  would  occur  by  follow- 
ing this  rule,  it  may  be  departed  from,  for  the  sake 
of  convenience. 


MANNER  OF  WRITING  CONSONANTS.  17 

7.  Consonant  strokes  should  be  written  as  nearly  as 
possible  of  uniform  length.      One  sixth  of  an  inch  is 
recommended  as  a  proper  standard. 

8.  Each  of  the  reading  exercises  should  be  read  over 
by  the  student  until  it  can  be  read  easily  and  with  cer- 
tainty ;    after  which,    the   writing  exercises  should  be 
carefully  traced  and  compared  with  the   phonographic 
forms  in  the  reading  exercises. 

READING  EXERCISE  I. 

I   (    ^    C  / 


)  I  K.  r\ J  O    ^  r 


\\    /  o  )  M  r 


WRITING  EXERCISE  I. 

K,  g,  d,  th,  m,  1,  j,  r,  w,  n,  ch,  t,  s,  f,  d,  ng,  y, 
b,  zh,  th,  z,  t,  ng,  1,  b,  p,  t,  j,  f,  w.  s,  th,  r,  y,  m, 
n,  ng,  sh,  zh,  f,  v,  b,  ch,  g,  w,  y,  r,  1,  m. 

9.  All    the   consonant    stems   in    a  word    should   be 
written  without  lifting  the  pen  or  pencil.     The  second 
letter   should   begin  where   the   first   one  ends,  and  so 
on,  until  the  whole  outline  is  formed. 

10.  The  vowels  are   not   to   be   inserted   until   the 
consonant  outline  is  completed. 


18 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


READING  EXERCISE  IL 


U 


/ 


n  n 


WRITING  EXERCISE  II. 

K-t,  n-t,  t-n,  d-m,  k-p,  p-k,  m-k,  ch-z,  p-t,  t-1,  n-p, 
f-n,  m-g,  ch-k,  j-m,  r-1,  1-k,  f-ch,  t-ch,  f-t,  ch-n,  t-p, 
m-ch,  p-d,  1-t,  1-d,  ch-m,  k-ch,  1-p,  p-1,  f-1,  k-f,  1-f,  m-1, 
k-1,  1-k,  m-f,  m-v,  f-n,  v-1,  f-ni,  k-sh,  sh-m,  r-k,  sli-k, 
sh-n,  f-m,  m-d,  v-m-1,  k-in-1,  t-m-1,  d-n-1,  k-m-t,  n-f-1,  1-f-d, 


MANNER  OF  WRITING  CONSONANTS.  19 

f-l-d,  f-m-1,  t-n-m,  1-m-d,  1-ng-th,  r-ch-t,  f-r-n-ng,  r-n-t-k, 
k-t-m,  m-t-k,  m-k-t,  t-m-ng,  s-t-p,  k-r-s,  ch-r-in,  n-t-r,  m  t-r, 
ch-r-t. 

11.  A  straight  consonant  stem  is  repeated  by  doub- 
ling its  length,  making  no  break  between  the  charac- 


ters, thus  :  ..Trrnr^L-  k-k,  —      ____  p-p,  ~^~-  _______  w,  etc. 

A  curved  stem  is  repeated  by  doubling  the  stroke, 
thus  :  ...^rr^rr^..  n-n,  .\f  _  f-f,  JL.  -------  l-l,  etc. 


a.  By  the  outline  of  a  word  is  understood  the  con- 
sonant skeleton,  the  consonants  joined  together.     Thus, 

JLJL—  is  the  consonant  outline  for  the  word  teivitory. 
READING  EXERCISE  IIL 


\\ 

//  \       / 

v\ 

~  c    ^/^N7) 

A  ..    i  V 

c  i  (  2Z 

WRITING   EXERCISE  III. 

P-p,  b-b,  t-t,  d-d,  k-k,  g-g,  ch-ch,  j-j,  p-b,  ch-j,  k-g, 
g-k,  f-f,  m-m,  n-n,  s-s,  z-z,  w-w,  n-ng,  v-v,  1-1,  r-r,  th-th, 


CHAPTER  III. 

VOCAL1ZA  TION. 

12.  As  several  vowels  are  represented  by  the  same 
dot  or  dash  sign,  it  becomes  necessary  to  distinguish 
them  by  writing  them  in  different  positions  in  refer- 
ence to  the  consonant  stem. 

First-place  vowels  are  written  opposite  the  begin- 
ning of  a  consonant  stem,  thus:  it,  ....^._  law, 

....  fee /    second-place   vowels   opposite   the   middle, 
ate,  _2S_  pay,  ...r=r..    go,  ....! day  ;     and    third- 
place  vowels  opposite  the  end, at, ..!.....  do,  ..._.„,...  am, 

....7^ .     air. 

a.  When  a  vowel  is  placed  at  the  left  of  a  perpen- 
dicular or  inclined  stem,  it  is  read  before  the  consonant 
which  the  stem  represents ;  when  placed  at  the  right,  it 
is  read   after  the   consonant.      When   placed    above   a 
horizontal   stem,   it   is   read   before,    and   when   placed 
below,  it  is  read  after  the  consonant. 

b.  Long  vowels  are  represented  by  heavy  dots  and 
dashes.     Short  vowels  by  light  dots  and  dashes. 

c.  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  stems,  it  should 
be  written  after  the  first  stem,  if   it  is  a  first-place  or 


VOCALIZATION. 


21 


long  second-place   vowel,  .........  lead,  .....\_  fail,  .Js^z^_ 

fame,  .^Lr^...  roam;  and  before  the  second  stem,  if  it 
is   a  short    second-place    or   third-place    vowel,  ..r^....^..,... 

room, y_  fell,  ^efv.  gem. 

d.  Diphthongs  follow  the  same  rule  as  the  vowels: 
....\   boil,  — v. mile,    ..7717...  couch,  ...I .„_  duke. 

[  A/  " 

READING  EXERCISE  IV. 


C  / 


,x  C  ^  \  I 


L_ 


T 

tr 


A   A 


-\  - 


22  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


•/    / 

A  ~  -1L 


WRITING  EXERCISE  IV. 

Key,  aid,  ache,  pay,  say,  ate,  see,  may,  they,  age,  am, 
at,  we,  do,  woo,  shoe,  know,  law,  raw,  go,  aught,  Joe, 
ope,  or,  own,  saw,  so,  thy,  my,  by,  die,  now,  cow,  vow, 
boy,  coy,  joy,  toy,  few,  dew,  Jew,  new,  pew,  rue,  life, 
knife,  time,  item,  army,  penny,  pitty,  ditty,  chatty,  rocky, 
money,  aroma,  funny,  foamy,  tiny,  China,  cape,  came, 
team,  take,  need,  meek,  make,  name,  peg,  bake,  mum, 
lake,  ball,  foam,  poke,  coke,  look,  nook,  took,  rook,  fib, 
robe,  rope,  rate,  road,  rut,  rag,  knack,  nick,  notch,  knob, 
kneel,  meal,  check,  catch,  ditch,  roam,  reap,  muddy, 
awake,  downy,  dizzy,  ready,  many,  aiding,  duty,  pitchy, 

>  gala>  fussy>  zany- 


POSITION  OF  CONSONANT  OUTLINES. 

13.  Outlines  are  written  in  three  different  positions 
in  reference  to  the  line  of  writing,  depending  upon 
the  accented  vowel  of  the  word  represented  by  the 
outline.  If  the  accented  vowel  is  a  first-place  vowel, 
the  outline  should  be  written  in  the  first  position  ;  if 
it  is  a  second-place  vowel,  in  the  second  position  ;  and 
if  it  is  a  third-place  vowel,  in  the  third  position. 

a.  The  three  positions  for  horizontal  stems  are  :  first, 


VOCALIZATION.  23 

above  the  line ;  second,  upon  the  line ;  third,  below  the 
line. 

b.  For  perpendicular   or   inclined   stems,   the  three 
positions   are :   first,  above   the  line ;   second,  upon  the 
line;  third,  through  the  line. 

c.  Where    the    outline    consists   of    more   than    one 
stem,  the  first  perpendicular  or  inclined  stroke,  if  there 
is  one,  is  written  in  the  required  position,  viz. :  First, 
second,  or  third,  depending  upon  the  accented  vowel, 
and  the  remainder  of  the  outline  follows  the  direction 
of   the   stems   which   compose   it,  wherever  they  may 
terminate.      If   there   is   no   perpendicular   or  inclined 
stroke,  the  outline  should  be  written  in  accordance  with 
note  a. 

d.  The  position  of  the  outline  is  an  important  feature 
in  the  legibility  of  writing.     The  student  should  early 
accustom  himself  to  ascertain   the  accented  vowels  of 
words,  and   write   the   consonant   outlines  in  the   posi- 
tion which  that  vowel  denotes. 

UPWARD   R. 

14.  An  additional  stem-sign  is  provided  for  the  con- 
sonant r,  for  the  sake  of  convenience  and  speed  in 
writing.  This  sign,  _./..._.,  is  called  ray,  and  is  always 
written  upward  to  distinguish  it  from  chat/,  which  is 
always  written  downward. 

The  distinction,  when  standing  alone,  may  be  ob- 
served by  writing  ray  at  a  greater  angle  from  the  per- 


24:  THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

pendicular.     The   distinction  is  made  naturally  by  the 
hand  in  forming  the  upward  and  downward  strokes. 

USES  OF  AB. 

15.  The  downward  stroke  __L,  ar,  is  generally  used 
when  r  is  the  first  consonant  stem  in  an  outline  pre- 
ceded by  a  vowel,  or  is  the  last  consonant  of  an  out- 
line not  followed  by  a  vowel.  It  is  likewise  generally 
used  when  followed  by  m,  whether  a  vowel  precedes 

it  or  not :  _x  ..  ark,  _^_...  Arab, ream. 


RAY. 

16.  The  upward  stroke,    .^....,  ray,  is  used  when  r 
is  the  first  consonant  of   a  word   not  preceded   by   a 
vowel,  or  is  the  last  consonant  stem  in  an  outline  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel.     It  is  generally  used  when  followed 
by  ith,  ihee,  chay,  and  jay,  whether  a  vowel  precedes  it 
or  not  :   ..^/U..  rate,  ._.^r^...  merry,  _Jal.  earth. 

R  BETWEEN  OTHER  STEMS. 

17.  In  the  middle  of  words,  whichever  form  is  found 
the  more  convenient  may  be  used  :   ^...^^......^^  alarm, 

\y       _  bark,     \          form,  _  ^f  _  march. 

~~ 


Ray  should  generally  have  the  preference,  on  ac- 
count of  the  greater  ease  with  which  it  can  be  made. 
and  because  it  forms,  usually,  better  junctions  with  pre- 
ceding and  following  strokes. 


CHAPTER  IT. 

CIRCLES  FOR  S  AND  Z. 

18.  S  and  2,  on  account  of  their  frequent  occurrence, 
are  provided  with  an  additional  character,  much  more 
easily  made  than   the  stem  signs.      This  character  is  a 
small  circle. 

19.  The  circle  is  written  on  the  right-hand  side  of 
perpendicular   and   downward    inclined   straight   stems, 
and  on  the  upper  side  of   horizontal   and   upward  in- 

clined   straight    stems  :       \     sp,     /       scA,  _g  —    sk, 

I  f  / 

b  ___  ts,  _r^r£L.  ks,  ..JL_   st,    _/__..   rs. 

This  is  called,  for  convenience,  the  circle  side  of 
straight  stems. 

The  circle  is  written  on  the  concave  side  of  curved 
stems  :  ...(T^._  sm,  ...^..  sf. 


THE   CIRCLE   BETWEEN   STEMS. 

20.  Between  two  stems  which  form  an  angle,  the 
circle  is  written  on  the  outside  of  the  angle  :  ___  l^L  tsl, 
..  msl,  _^/_  ______  rsk;  ...?T7T.._.  psk,  _..p>e....  fsl,  etc. 

a.  If  this  results  in  an  awkward  turning  of  a  circle 


26  THE    MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

on  the  back  of  a  curve,  it  is  better  to  write  it  inside 


of  the  angle:  .Ac/.-./*/1,   /_  mscli. 

CIRCLE  NOT  USED  IN  CERTAIN  CASES. 

21.  The  circle  should  not  be  used  for  s  or  z  when 
either  of  these  letters  is  the  h'rst  consonant  of  a  word 
beginning  with  a  vowel,  or  the  last  consonant  of  a  word 
ending  with  a  vowel :  .\ ask,  _^i_J_  racy. 

a.  The  circle  is  not  used  to  represent  z  when  it  is 
the  first  consonant  of  a  word.  The  stroke  must  always 

V 


be  used  in  such  case: zero,      O_    zany. 

5.  The  initial  circle  is  always  read  before  the  stroke 
to  which  it  is  attached.  It  is  the  first  thing  to  be  read 
in  a  consonant  outline. 

c.  A  final  circle  is  always  read  after  the  stroke  to 
which  it  is  written.  It  is  the  last  thing  to  be  read 
in  a  consonant  outline. 


READING  EXERCISE  V. 

r 


f  _  ^  t 


*-& 


c*  ^      >• 

6         'Vp q 

~LA 


CIRCLES  FOR  S  AND  Z.  27 

lls        -i  "^    ^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  V. 

Seek,  stay,  sung,  song,  sum,  sale,  safe,  such,  says,  save, 
sash,  sway,  sad,  sag,  gaze,  its,  nice,  rice,  mass,  less,  fuss, 
chess,  ages,  face,  ashes,  ways,  goes,  seeks,  stays,  songs, 
sums,  sons,  sails,  safes.  sieves;  sashes,  sways,  sacks,  ruse, 
Jews,  muse,  fuse,  skip,  skips,  skate,  exceeds,  succeeds, 
mistakes,  missing,  unseen,  excels,  excites,  tasks,  risks, 
missile,  listen,  dozen,  poison,  moisten,  fasten,  rising, 
resume,  sailing,  music,  musing,  induce,  rousing,  bounc- 
ing, slashing,  gashes,  sagacious,  sunset,  beseech,  subside, 
sincere,  specify,  insensate,  extensive,  discussing,  dispos- 
ing. 

LARGE  CIRCLE. 
22.  The    circle   may   be   enlarged   to   represent   the 

\  ^ 

:   _J£>._  p*s,  —  ^  —  #5p>  —Z- 


sound  of  «  or  z  repeated 


28  THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

a.  The  large  circle  is  attached  to  stems  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  small  circle. 

It  may  be  vocalized  by  writing  the  vowel  inside  the 

circle  :  — .Ne>~  faces,   —^-  decisive. 

READING   EXERCISE   VI. 


A^s. 


X, 


6, 


P       \       <^K 

t^v^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VI. 

Bosses,  basis,  faces,  thesis,  chooses,  loses,  muses, 
noises,  pauses,  paces,  causes,  gazes,  accuses,  exist,  races, 
roses,  tosses,  cases,  access,  uses,  houses,  possessed,  neces- 
sity, incisive,  excessive,  resist,  desist,  possessor,  decisive, 
system,  basest,  Mississippi,  choicest,  reposes,  imposes. 

LOOPS. 

23.  The  circle  may  be  made  into  a  small  loop  to 

\  P 

:  __\_.  s,  __! 


represent  st:  ___.  sty,  __!_  «#,_^L-«to3    ^^    mst,  etc. 


CIRCLES  FOR  S  AND  Z.  29 


READING   EXERCISE   VII. 


f      ^  ^  f  S  \  / 


_  ^   ^-.  Ir 


f>  ->  • 


WRITING   EXERCISE   VII. 

State,  steep,  steel,  store,  study,  story,  boast,  chest, 
cast,  mist,  just,  rust,  waste,  last,  dust,  cost,  assessed, 
ghost,  lost,  tossed,  fast,  must,  jest,  used,  mused,  adduced, 
infused. 

24:.  The  circle  may  be  made  into  a  large  loop  to 

represent  s^  :  __Al_  ^>s^,  _^^_  rasfr-,  j^^2-  mnstr. 


READING  EXERCISE   VHI. 


tr  / 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VIII. 

Poster,  duster,  jester,  muster,  luster,  castor,  minister, 
roadster,  Rochester,  pilaster,  Axminster,  yesterday,  balus- 
ter, paymaster. 


30  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

25.  The  loops  are  used  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
circle,  both  initially  and  terminally,  and  the  same  rules 
should  be  observed  in  reading  them. 

a.  It  is  seldom  of  advantage  to  use  the  large  loop 
initially  to  represent  sir.  It  is  generally  represented 
by  another  combination  of  principles  which  will  be  ex- 
plained hereafter,  and  which  will  be  found  more  con- 
venient in  practice. 

CIRCLES  ADDED   TO   LOOPS   AND   LARGE   CIRCLES. 

26.  An  additional  circle  may  be  added  to  the  loops 
and  to  the  large  circle,  by  carrying  the  circle  or  loop 
to  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem,  to  represent  an  addi- 
tional s  or  z  :   — v___  tsss,  ..__^_  pste,  JJ. jstrs. 

READING   EXERCISE   IX. 

/ 


WRITING   EXERCISE   IX. 

Posts,  posters,  rests,  dusters,  coasts,  coasters,  empha- 
sizes, possesses. 

BRIEF   WAY   AND   YAY   SERIES. 

27.  W  and  y  are  provided,  in  addition  to  the  stem 
or  stroke  forms,  with  brief  signs  to  represent  them  when 
they  come  into  combination  with  a  vowel  immediately 


CIRCLES  FOR   S   AND  Z.  31 

following  them,     lu  such  cases  the  w  or  y,  together  with 
the  vowel  which  succeeds  it,  is  written  with  a  single 


we. 


sign,  thus :  wa, 
wah, 


waw,     ye,     o  -,  yaw 
wo,        ya,     w  ^  yo, 
woo,      yah,  _y_.?_.  yoo. 


a.  The  brief  sign  for  w  and  y  may  often  be  advan- 
tageously joined  to  a  consonant  stroke  which  follows, 

^-~*' 
thus :  M=E:-.  yoke, weak,  .^4-^_  young, wing,  etc. 

b.  On  account  of  the  similarity  between  the  sound 

of  the  diphthong  _>  . ,  and  that  represented  by  the  brief 
yay  signs  _H-G.,  these  two  latter  characters  may  be  used 
in  vocalizing  and  joined  to  the  consonant  stems  in  place 

of   the  sign  ..>...      For  example,  _1_  dew,  _\-—  few, 

r\  ^~^i  ^ 

cue,  etc. 

ADDITIONAL  SIGNS  FOR  THE  ASPIRATE. 

28.  When  more  convenient  than  the  hay  stroke,  the 
aspirate   may  be   represented   by   a   small   dot  written 
alongside  of  the  vowel  sign,  thus :  __L  had,  \-.  have,  etc. 

29.  The  aspirate  may  also  often  be  represented  by 

a  small  tick,  attached  to  the  succeeding  stem,  thus : X 

her,  _-^f^_  home. 

a.  When  hay  occurs  after  another  stem,  it  may  often 
be  formed  by  writing  the  *  circle  in  place  of  the  hook. 
This  will  not  conflict  with  the  ordinary  use  of  the  s  circle 
in  such  places,  and  will  be  found  of  great  convenience, 
from  the  greater  ease  with  which  it  can  be  formed. 


CHAPTER  Y. 

CONSONANT  STROKES  MODIFIED  BY  HOOKS. 
L  HOOK. 

30.  A  SMALL  initial    hook   on   the   s   circle    side  of 
straight  stems,  and  a  large  initial  hook  on  curved  steins, 

represent  an  added  I: #,  A  pi,  S^^  nl, -L.Jlj  crr-rr. &l, 


a.  Hooks  on    curved   stems   are   always  written   on 
the  concave  side. 

R  HOOK. 

31.  A   small  initial  hook  on  the  side  opposite  the 
circle  side  of  straight  stems,  and  a  small  initial  hook 

on  curved  stems,  represent  an  added  r:  _\.jpr,    L  £/', 

READING  EXERCISE  X. 

T  1-  ^   \    ~  ^— LZ. 


CONSONANT   STROKES  MODIFIED  BY    HOOKS.      33 


v\ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  X. 

Tree,  tray,  plea,  play,  grow,  clay,  cloy,  clew,  claw,  fly, 
flee,  fry,  free,  ugly,  agree,  able,  dream,  tribe,  trim,  apply, 
ripple,  pearly,  nearly,  prime,  price,  brew,  brake,  brick, 
brace,  claim,  clear,  clip,  creep,  grape,  growth,  grotto, 
crisp,  grasp,  keeper,  caper,  copper,  paper,  reaper,  lover, 
weaver,  waiver,  legal,  regal,  uncle,  angle,  angry,  table, 
staple,  title,  chopper,  dagger. 

F  AND  V  HOOKS. 

32.  A  small  terminal  hook  on  the  s  circle  side  of 
straight   stems,  and  a  long,  narrow    terminal   hook   on 
curved   stems,  represent    an   added  f  or  v :  \L.lf,  JL— 
ckf,  vJ2  nf,  j^>  mf. 

N  HOOK. 

33.  A  small  terminal  hook  on  the  side  opposite  the 
circle  side  of  straight  stems,  and  a  small  terminal  hook 


34:  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER 

on  curved  stems,  represent  an  added  n  :  jL  tn,  ___\.  bn, 

^s  X1 

!Ti-  m?i,  _  o_  ww,  ->^..  nw,  ./  .....  rn. 


Y   HOOK. 


34.  A   large    initial    hook   on    the   r  hook    side   of 

O 

straight  steins,  and  a  long,  narrow  initial  hook  on  curved 


stems,  represent  an  added  y  :  _    d-jy,__^.  r-y,  ,CZ7..  Tc-y. 

W   HOOK. 

35.  A   large  initial    hook   on    the    I    hook    side   of 
straight  stems  represents  an  added  w  :  __\.  b-w,  ..^  —  .  k-w. 

SRUN  HOOK. 

36.  A  large  terminal  hook  on  the  f  hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  and  a  large    terminal   hook    on   curved 

stems,  represent  an  added  shun  :    _U_.  d-shn,  ~  ~^.  Jc-shn, 

.>^?.  n-shn,  etc. 


TER  HOOK. 
37.  A  large  terminal  hook  on  the  n  hook  side  of 

straight  stems  represents  an  added  ter,  der,  or  iher  :     (J 

_  */) 

d-t/-,  „  IP_  k-tr,  _/.  .....  r-tr,  etc. 

a.  This  hook  may  also  occasionally  be  used  to  ad- 
vantage to  represent  the  frequently  occurring  termina- 
tions tor  and  ture,  care  being  taken  to  make  the  hook 
plain  and  distinct. 


CONSONANT   STROKES   MODIFIED   BY   HOOKS.      35 


READING  EXERCI3E  XL 

J1  I-  ^  /  I  I  I  \\\{-;\ 

J>     JA     ^L»A 


WRITING   EXERCISE  XI. 


Tone,  tough,  congh,  rotigli,  tune,  town,  down,  pain, 
bone,  pen,  deaf,  rove,  puff,  pane,  cough,  drive,  proof, 
brief,  blown,  bluff,  gruff,  cliff,  reef,  rough,  wife,  knife, 
wine,  wane,  vine,  motion,  nation,  station. 


CHAPTEK  VI. 

ADDITIONAL   HOOKS. 

38.  A  SMALL  hook  inside  the  shun  hook  addsv:  _: 

k-shn-v,  JJL  d-shn-v. 

a.  This  hook  is  only  used  in  phrasing. 

39.  A  small  hook  inside  an  f  hook  on  curves,  or  a 

ter  hook  on  straight  stems,  represents  an  added  n :  ___«.. 

b-tr-n,-V—  d-tr-n. 

a.  This  hook  is  mainly  used  for  phrasing,  though  a 
few  single  words  may  be  advantageously  written  on 
this  principle. 

VOCALIZATION   OF  STEMS  WITH  HOOKS. 

40.  Where   a  stem   has   an    initial   hook,  and   it   is 
desired  to  indicate  a  vowel  between  the  stem  and  the 
hook,  it  may  be  done  in  the  following  manner : 

I.  A  small  circle  before  the  stem  is  written  for  a 

V     .r 

short  dot  vowel, till, -L  tell,  and  after  the  stem  for 

\  fo 

a  long  dot  vowel,     '     appear,  _JL_  their,  etc. 


ADDITIONAL   HOOKS.  37 

II.  Diphthongs  and  dash  vowels  are  struck  through 
the  stein,  unless  the  vowel  or  diphthong  would  inter- 
fere with  the  hook,  in  which  event  it  may  be  written 

just  before  the  commencement  of  the  stem: 


oork,  __________  ->-  empire,  J£^.  term. 

a.  It  will  be  found  convenient  to  make  a  distinction 
between  the  vowels  o  and  u  when  struck  through  the 
stem  by  making  the  angle  of  the  dash  for  a  more 

oblique  ;  JL  door,  .<£>_  more. 

41.  Circles  may  be  added  to  all  hooks.     These  cir- 

P  <»—  *\ 

cles  are  written  inside  of  the  hook  :  JL  stl,  ...    ~.  ski,  _X. 

spl,  -^-  svl,  ^==L  kfs,  .jzrrrL  Jcshns,  _/_  rtrs,  ._  .....  <u.  ktrs, 
.5_^.  snr. 

42.  For  convenience,  however,  when  circles  are  to 
be  written  to  the  r  and  n  hooks  on  straight  stems,  they 
may  be  written   in  place   of    the    hook,   in   the   same 
manner  as  circles  are  written  on  the  s  circle  of  stems, 
but  with  the  same  effect  as  if  the  circle  were  written 

\  1  \ 

inside   the   hook:  __\_  spr,  _L  str,  <r^7.  slcr,-\.pns,  _in>. 

/°  /  °\ 

Tens,  -/—  rns,  </  ,  chns,  .A.  dns,  ..^..  sbr. 

43.  The  circles  should  only  be  written  in  place  of 
the  n  hook  when  the  stem  to  which  the  circle  is  to  be 
attached  is  the  final  stem  in  an  outline.     Thus,  ______  «_.r_ 

is  Jc-skr,  and  not  Icns-Tc. 

448299 


38  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

a.  In  other  cases  the  circle  should  be  written  dis- 
tinctly within  the  hook  :  _^_  pmb,  etc. 

LARGE   CIRCLES   AND   LOOPS   WITH   HOOKS. 

44.  The   large   circle   and  loop   may  be  written  in 
place  of  the  n  hook  in  a  like  manner  as  the  small  cir- 
cle, thus :  .ZI12,  Icnss,  ^^L  gnst,    ^  pnstr,  etc. 

45.  In  no  other  case  but  that  mentioned  in  Section 
44  can  the  loops  or  the  large  circle  be  added  to  any 
hooks. 

READING  EXERCISE  XII. 


A,          (b Q  C2 • — -x  I 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XH. 

Settle,  sickle,  saddle,  sinner,  supply,  supple,  disclose, 
disclaim,  straw,  strew,  strip,  strike,  struck,  spray,  sober, 
string,  sprung,  scrape,  scribe,  scratch,  scrap,  quill,  squall, 
quail,  sequel,  quire,  query,  squire,  request,  betwixt,  ques- 
tion. 


ADDITIONAL  HOOKS.  39 


READING   EXERCISE   XHI. 


^        I        \      ^L- 

dA          >A 

\   J1   3-  -^    /  \    J' 

^o.      ^A 


ex. 


WRITING   EXERCISE  XIII. 

Occasion,  editor,  evasion,  allusion,  actor,  gather, 
daughter,  better,  bitter,  writer,  rather,  glitter,  equator, 
towns,  bounce,  canes,  queens,  coins,  brains,  tones,  drains, 
against,  chanced,  bounced,  tenses,  dances,  glances,  chances, 
quinces,  expenses,  punster,  spinster. 

INITIAL   CURVED   TICK  FOR  N. 

46.  A  curved  tick  written  initially  before  the  a 
circle  on  curves,  and  the  spr,  skr,  etc.,  series  on 

\  1 

straight   stems,   represents   n  :   .   ^  .  nspr,  _!_  nstr,  3^r. 

nskr,  ^£ nsl,  *£I^i-  nsm. 

a.  This  tick  is  not  used  in  the  middle  of  words. 

b.  It  should  be  noticed  that  this  valuable  expedient 
is  an  entirely  independent  abbreviation,  and  should  be 
read   before   the   circle.      It   does  not  partake   of   the 


40  THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

nature  of  hooks,  which  are  always  read  after  the  stems 
to  which  they  are  attached. 

FINAL   TICK   FOR   E.SHOX. 

47.  A   curved   tick   written    terminally   after  the  s 

circle  represents  eshon:  _<?_ ds-shon,  rrr£.  gns-shn. 

a.  This,  like  the  initial  curved  tick,  is  an  abbrevia- 
tion entirely  independent  of  the  stem,  and  in  no  sense 
to  be  used  as  the  hooks  are.     It  should  be  read  after 
the  s  circle  to  which  it  is  written,  and  after  everything 
else  connected  with  the  stem  to  which  it  is  attached. 

b.  This   tick  may  be  used  to  advantage  when   the 
stem  to  which  it  is  attached  is  followed  by  other  steins : 

«v                          I/- 
__b_  processional,  _  transitional. 

c.  The  circle  may  be  written  inside  the  tick  to  rep- 
resent an  added  s  or  z :  j*_  decisions,  _±==£_  organiza- 
tions. 

READING   EXERCISE   XIV. 


WRITING   EXERCISE   XIV. 

Unscrew,  inscribe,  unstrung,  enslave,  decision,  pos- 
session, procession,  positions,  transitions,  decisions,  phy- 
sicians, transitional. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

SHORTENING  AND  LENGTHENING  PRINCIPLES. 
SHORTENING. 

48.  ANY  stem  may  be  written  half  its  usual  length 
to  add  t  or  d :  \.  pt  or  pd,  _L  tty  —.  kt,  ^.  mt,  ^L  nt, 

A_/O-^. 

Stems  with  hooks,  circles,  and  loops,  initial  and  final, 
maybe  shortened  under  this  rule:  _X^£,  .\  j?rt,  £—_  kit, 
£Z.  Ttrt,  A  put,  \L  pft,  J_  tnt,  JL  rft,  ^.fnt^flt,_(Z.  Int, 
^Z  Irt,  i^2  n-shnt,  ..0_  trnt,  ==?.  Tdft,  J±  ^^  _V  «^>^,  _\>_  ^»fe, 
,  _I_  splnfe,  ^_  spmts,  S&-  fnts,  _L  ^, ../!.  c/iZ^,  A.. 
s^, ..?_  M/1^. 

«.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  shortening  takes 
effect  after  every  other  modification  of  the  stem  ex- 
cepting final  circles  and  loops.  Thus,  JL  can  not  be 
written  for  pltn  •  it  represents  pint,  and  can  represent 
nothing  else. 

5.  Final  t  or  d  can  not  be  represented  by  shorten- 
ing when  followed  by  a  vowel. The  stem-sign  must 

iv            :— I- 
be  used  in  such  case  :  _l_  tidy, . giddy. 


c.  The   three    positions   for   half  -  length    consonant 


42  THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 

stems  are  :  1,  above  the  line ;  2,  upon  the  line ;  3,  be- 
low the  line. 

READING   EXERCISE   XV. 


.1- 


</. 


WRITING   EXERCISE   XV. 

Act,  apt,  put,  art,  end,  send,  signed,  sound,  meet, 
might,  feet,  fought,  treat,  tried,  brought,  light,  melt, 
knelt,  splint,  strained,  stint,  chants,  engraved,  mount, 
found,  rent,  surround,  grooved,  cleft,  craft,  downed, 
dined,  scattered,  patient,  sustained,  suspend,  student, 
saddened. 

LENGTHENING. 

49.  Any  stem  may  be  written  double  its  usual  length 

to  add  ter,  der.  or  ther  :  ^ */.  ntr,  — _y  rtr. 

Stems  with  hooks,  circles,  and  loops  may  be  length- 


ened according  to  this  rule,  \^    sftr,  ^m>.  mtrs,  _. 


fltr,  ___  J_  wntr,  _A_  blndr,  ./—.-.  rndrs. 

\j 

a.  This  principle  takes  effect  after  every  other  modi- 
fication of  a  stem  except  final  circles  or  loops. 


SHORTENING   AND  LENGTHENING  PRINCIPLES.    43 

5.  On  straight  stems  the  ter  hook  is  generally  pre- 
ferred to  the  lengthening  principle,  in  order  to  distinguish 
the  character  from  a  repeated  letter.  The  lengthening 
principle  is  chiefly  used  on  straight  stems  when  there  is 
a  final  hook  attached  to  the  stem,  and  occasionally  in 
writing  phrases. 

c.  A    diphthong    occurring    before   a   final   r  of    a 
lengthened    stem    may   be   represented    by   striking   it 

through  the  stem,  thus : entire, endure,  etc. 

d.  The  rule  for  the  position  of  outlines  composed 
wholly  of,  or  beginning  with,  double-length  strokes,  is 
that  the  double-length  stroke  should  commence  at  the 
same   point   with   reference  to   the   line   that  it  would 
commence  if  it  were  a  single-length  stem. 

READING   EXERCISE   XVI. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVI. 

Mother,  father,  enter,  shutter,  Easter,  oyster,  matter, 
sweeter,  softer,  shorter,  mortar,  falter,  center,  fender, 
wonder,  remainder,  blunder,  render,  tender,  enchanter, 
encounter,  rejoinder,  engender. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 
WORD-SIGNS. 

50.  THOUGH  a  comparatively  small  number  of  rules 
have  thus  far  been  given,  they  will  doubtless  be  all 
that  is  necessary  to  enable  the  student  to  acquire  a 
knowledge  of  the  principles  which  are  requisite  to  his 
success.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  author  to  present 
these  rules  in  the  simplest  manner  possible,  and  yet  to 
omit  nothing  which  will  assist  the  student  to  a  clear 
comprehension  of  the  various  modifications  of  consonant 
stems.  If  properly  presented,  the  rules  are  not  so  com- 
plicated but  that  they  may  be  learned  in  a  short  space 
of  time,  MTith  reasonably  diligent  application.  It  would 
be  well  for  the  learner  not  to  proceed  beyond  this  point 
until  he  has  a  thorough  comprehension  of  the  preced- 
ing sections.  It  will  even  be  well  worth  while  to  take 
a  review  at  this  point  of  the  work  thus  far  done,  as 
the  most  difficult  part  of  the  theoretical  work  will  have 
been  accomplished  when  a  satisfactory  knowledge  of 
what  has  already  been  written  has  been  acquired.  Tin's 
is  true,  not  because  there  is  no  hard  work  remaining  to 
be  done,  but  because  that  which  follows  will  not  be 
difficult  of  comprehension,  and  will  only  require  pa- 


WORD-SIGNS.  45 

tience  from  the  student  in  memorizing  the  word-  and 
phrase-signs  and  phrasing  principles. 

So  large  a  bulk  of  the  language  is  made  up  of  a 
comparatively  small  number  of  words,  oft  repeated,  that 
no  system  of  stenography  could  be  devised  to  meet  all 
necessary  requirements,  which  did  not  make  provision 
for  a  brief  representation  of  these  frequently  occurring 
words.  In  a  system  which  does  not  rely  for  legibility 
to  any  degree  upon  shading,  these  word-signs  should  be 
carefully  selected,  and  a  great  amount  of  careful  study 
has  been  devoted  to  the  following  list.  Although  some 
few  of  the  outlines  may  be  found  to  be  longer  than  the 
corresponding  outlines  in  some  other  systems,  yet  the 
effect  in  point  of  speed  will  be  more  than  counter- 
balanced by  generally  ridding  the  system  of  shaded 
strokes,  and  by  the  great  facility  which  the  syttem 
affords  of  brief  representation,  even  when  the  outlines 
are  written  in  full,  and  also  the  ease  with  which  prac- 
tically valuable  phrase-signs  can  be  made.  Beyond  this, 
a  degree  of  legibility  is  attained  which  can  not  but 
prove  invaluable.  The  student  will  discover  by  ex- 
perience that  nothing  gives  a  stenographer  an  ability 
to  write  an  outline  with  ease  and  rapidity  like  a  knowl- 
edge, at  the  time  of  writing  it,  that  it  will  be  readily 
legible. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  word-signs  used  in 
this  system.  The  student  should  make  himself  familiar 
with  the  entire  list  before  conducting  his  studies  further : 


THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


a,  an,  or  and.  .  . 

.—^r.  company 

according  

^T—counsel 

"7 

acknowledge.  . 

Lconnect 

advantage       / 

—  ->  connection 

advertise  __1.. 
all  

._.£  danger 
J  —  ^  .December 

any.  . 

I/        defendant 

another  v.  / 

r 

deliver 

among:  .  .        .  .  i—  —  s 

did 

anything.  . 

—  cliff  6  rent 

are  __/.._.. 
as  

-do 

o 

about  

1 

"V 

bef  ore  \ 

...I  during 
...  disadvantage 

P 
between  

WORD-SIGNS. 


47 


behind 

bankruptcy. . . 

but \ 

can 

capable 

children 

circumstance. . 
circumstantial. 

for 

frequent 

from  . 


government. . . 


* 

c 

N 

)    < 

\ 

\ 

.._.y/-...< 

-^ 

^         , 

s 

1                           i 

I 

"N 

} 

I          i 

...A 

x^»  —  . 

-^-i 
7  • 

c/        1 

— 

o 

i 

^~,- 

'-—-J-- 

^_j 

^^.^  r 

^ 

./±^_1 

establish 
exchange 


experience 
fact 

familiar 
family 


irregular 


--new  or  kne\v 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


governor            —  ^ 

/  large 

had  1 
has  

-.0^.     manufacture 
memorandum 

o 

have  (    . 
he..    ,  

...O  memoranda 
Mr. 

o 

his  

vJ^>    never 

home  /—^ 

v.      nevertheless 

how.  . 

New  York 

A 

here  

^-s     no  or  know 

-•h 

immediately  .  .       ' 

L.....  notwithstanding 

important 

now 

i  TYI  ~nrrH"  f)  TI  PP 

i          oh  or  owe 

indispensable  .     "H 

..  object 

—  p 

on 

influential  .  . 

...  .opinion 

WORD-SIGNS. 


49 


•                    'X 

opportunity  .  .      ^-^ 

/        recollect 

other  —  -£- 
our  or  hour  .  .      ~N 

.__/_  refer 
-x    .  ..remark 

V-^   remember 

own  

\---responsible 

part  __iy__. 

party.  .                   \ 

..SJ^TTrr  San  Francisco 

o 

.vnrh.  September 

„  significant 

«\ 
pretty 

•--  siffniticance 

peculiar  \ 

o 

-  shall 

perform  ....~L~ 

performance      \ 

.--J  should 
similar 

phonography       ^°  ••• 

..<£75_  ...  somewhat 

plaintiff  —  A_- 

Tvrinp.inal    IP  .  . 

...^  swear 

? 

...A  snbiect 

50                     THE   MODERN 

+ 

probable,  property.    \ 

STENOGRAPHER. 
\ 

(\ 

probability  .                \v 

6        "  J6C 

,  or    ^that 

profit  

(         \ 
-  the 

public               .    .  .   --\  —  - 

-    thev 

practical  \ 

f 

_5  there  or  their 

practicable  \ 

thinar 

quantity            .... 

these 

regular  .  .                .   / 

think 

time  

/           which 

truthfulness  

/        who 

truthful  

...will 

United  States  \^9 

c 
with 

was  .. 

without 

well  C. 

~T~ 

world 

were  or  where.  .      .../.... 

..  vear 

WORD-SIGNS. 


51 


:> 
\vllclt  

yet 

\ve  ..... 

•  j 
f     vou 

to                     .  »  .           \ 

T         •> 
\           whfin 

up.  .           ,  \ 

V 

7       knowledge 

could  

\        purpose 

represent  /  \ 

>' 

(/         general 

/ 

in 

V 

I  

H       detprmine 

themselves  vD 

J 
x  —  ^  —  ^member 

CHAPTER  IX, 

PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 

51.  MANY  words  may  be  conveniently  abbreviated 
by  providing  a  special  contracted  form  for  the  initial 
or  final  syllable  ;  or  by  omitting  one  or  more  of  the 
indistinct  or  unimportant  consonants. 

a.  The  stem  for  k,  attached  to  the  remainder  of  an 
outline,  or  a  dot  written  close  to  the  remainder  of  the 
outline,  may  be  used  to  express  the  prefixes  con,  com, 

_  a      .   ~c 

cog,  or  cum,  thus  :  -         d  connection,  __  convenient, 


_!  _  L  conciliatory. 

This  prefix  may  often  be  omitted  without  endanger- 
ing legibility. 

"When  these  syllables  occur  in  the  middle  of  an 
outline,  they  may  be  expressed  by  disjoining  the  part 

of  the  outline  preceding  the  syllable,  thus  :  X_JL  recom- 
pense, etc. 

b.  Accom  may  be  expressed  by  the  stem  for  Jc  dis- 


joined : ise£L  accompany,  etc. 


PKEFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES.  53 

c.  The  final  syllable  self  may  be  expressed  by  A. 

s-lay,  joined  to  the  preceding  part  of   the  word,  and 
v.li'i*  by  the  same  sign  with  the  s  circle  attached:    f.. 

yourself,.... myself, ^y^- ourselves,  .  {..  yourselves. 

O 

d.  Ble  or  bly,  by  the  stem  for  b,  joined  to  the  pre- 

^ 
ceding  part  of  the  outline,  thus :  . ^_  indispensdble-y. 

When  the  syllable  can  be  expressed  by  bl,  it  will  be 

generally  found  the  preferable  form  :  ___£_  possible. 

e.  Hieness    may    be    expressed    by    bs    disjoined : 
^•-v 

V  invincibleness. 


f.  Ever,  by  the/5  hook,  or  stern  for  v:  /\^wherever, 

whatever,  -U.  whenever. 

g.  Ful,  by  the  f  hook,  or  by  fl:  _c—  ^  careful,  etc. 
h.  Fulness,  by  /*  detached  :  _!__.  truthfulness. 

Vo 

*'.  Ing,  by  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the  stem,  or  by  the 
ng   stroke  :•__  putting,  _.           .v/'/^v/V/,    etc.     Ings  by  a 

V 

dash  at  the  end  of  the  stem,  thus:  _  buildings. 


j.  Nottdl,  mentality,  by  mnt  disjoined  :  _L-L  instru- 
mentality/. / 

k.  Ology,  by  j  disjoined  :  ..../..  theolog-y. 


54  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

I.  /Ship,  by  ish  joined  or  disjoined  :  —±4-  worship,  etc. 

in.  Soever,  by  #y  joined :  .:./—  whosoever,  -Zx.  where- 
soever, etc. 

?i.  jT<56?  or  <&^,  by  ^  joined  or  disjoined,  as  most 
convenient :  ,A\t  represented,  etc. 


CHAPTER  X. 

PHRASING. 

52.  IT  may  be  stated,  as  a  general  rule,  that  each 
lifting  of  the  pen  or  pencil  that  can  conveniently  be 
dispensed  with  will  be  attended  with  a  gain  in  speed. 
Therefore,  when  words  can  be  written  together  without 
loss  of  legibility,  an  apparent  advantage  will  result. 
With  this  view,  a  system  of  phrase  writing  has  been 
invented  in  reference  to  writing  phonography,  by  which, 
in  some  cases,  words  are  joined  together  by  continuing 
the  second  word  right  on  from  the  end  of  a  preceding 
word  without  raising  the  pen  or  pencil,  and  in  other 
cases  by  the  representation  of  words  by  hooks,  circles, 
loops,  the  lengthening  and  shortening  principles,  and 
other  devices.  It  will  be  found  that  the  use  of  a 
judicious  selection  of  phrase-signs  will  not  be  a  detri- 
ment to,  but  rather  tend  to  enhance  the  legibility  of, 
writing. 

The  principle  should  not  be  carried  to  the  extent  of 
making  long  and  cumbersome  outlines ;  and  in  general 
it  will  be  found  useless  to  write  those  outlines  which 
would  be  unnatural  from  the  style  of  the  matter  to  be 
written,  or  which  will  be  awkward  for  the  hand  to  form 


56  THE   MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

with  rapidity.  AVhen  a  pause  intervenes  between  two 
words,  they  should  not  be  joined,  or  where  there  is  a 
lack  of  clear  connection  in  the  sense.  Neither  should 
words  be  joined  in  one  phrase-sign,  which  would  result 
in  carrying  the  outline  to  an  inconvenient  distance  above 
or  below  the  line.  Aside  from  these  general  observa- 
tions, it  may  be  said  that  it  is,  to  a  great  degree,  a  mat- 
ter of  individual  preference  as  to  the  extent  to  which 
phrase  writing  shall  be  carried.  Many  very  excellent 
stenographers  are  in  the  habit  of  phrasing  to  an  ex- 
ceedingly limited  extent ;  but  it  is  more  common  among 
the  better  class  of  stenographers  to  strike  a  fair  medium, 
with  the  belief  that  a  reasonable  amount  of  phrase 
writing  will  conduce  both  to  speed  and  legibility.  In 
the  ordinary  reporting  of  testimony  of  witnesses,  phras- 
ing may  be  adopted  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  other 
kinds  of  reporting,  on  account  of  the  very  frequent 
occurrence  of  the  union  of  certain  classes  of  words. 
But  in  speech  reporting  it  can  not  be  so  generally, 
nor  so  advantageously,  employed.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  words  added  by  the  various  modifica- 
tions of  stems,  which  it  is  believed  may  be  safely 
written : 

S  CIRCLE. 

a.  As,  has,  or  is.  may  he  added  by  the  s  circle:  _ 
as  far  as,  _$_  it  has.  or  // 


PHRASING.  57 

SMALL   LOOP. 

5.  First  may  be  added  to  certain  words  by  the  st 
loop  :  A.  at  first,  __  JL  when  you  first. 

L  HOOK. 

c.  Will  may  be   added  to  certain  words  by  the  I 
hook  :  ._!_.  it  will,  Y~L  you  will. 

R  HOOK. 

d.  Were,  and  occasionally  or,  may  be  added  by  the  r 

hook  :  A  .  they  were,  ^2.  you  were,  —  s—  4  one  or  two. 

w  HOOK. 

e.  We  or  what  may  be  added  by  the  use  of  the  w 

/  f 

hook  :  _C/_  where  we,  J_  do  we,  -C=.  can  we,  etc. 

Y   HOOK. 

f.   You  or  your  may  be  added  to  stems  by  the  y 

0  / 

hook  :  __L  do  you,  .£__  were  you,  £~.  can  you,  etc. 


F   HOOK. 

g.  Have  or  of  may  be  added  by  the  f  hook  : 


you  have, we  have,  .Al_  they  have,  _^_2.  &rara>  of,  <^~2 

some  of,  =^.  occasion  of, condition  of. 


58  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

N  HOOK. 

h.  Than  or  been  may  be  added  by  the  n  hook : 

\                         ^ 
more  than,  .&.  better  than, we  have  been. 


TER   HOOK    AND   LENGTHENING. 

i.  Their,  there,  or  other,  may  be  added  by  the  ter 

hook  or  by  lengthening:  ...I  had  there,  ^  ~~^  some  other, 

/)  f 
.7.  gave  their, ./.. were  there,  ./.. .....  you  have  been 

there, -^7^5^..  may  have  been   there,  u..we  have  been 

there. 

SHORTENING. 

/.  It  or  the  may  be  added  by  halving:  .     at  the, 

^  1 

during  the,  \>.  before  the,  of  it,  etc. 

NOT. 

Tc.  Not  may  be  added  by  shortening  a  stem  and 
attaching  the  n  hook.  In  the  case  of  signs  modified 
by  the  y  hook  for  phrasing,  it  may  be  added  by  the  n 

J  "q 

hook  alone  :  __  did  not,  -TT?.  can  not,  JL  do  you  not,  <~ 
can  you  not. 

I  AND  THE. 

1.  I  initially,  and  the  initially,  or  finally,  may  be 
represented  by  a  small  tick  inclined  in  the  direction 


PHRASING.  §9 

f 
of  p  or  chay :    ...  I  think,*=-~I  can,  ^-^ 'the  next,  J3L 

the  first, in  the, ....from  the. 

A,   AN,   OB  AND. 

m.  A,  an,  or  and,  may  be  expressed  by  a  tick 
written  horizontally  or  perpendicularly :  .....  with  a  or 

an, for  a. 

OF. 

n.  Of  may  be  indicated,  when  occurring  between 
two  words,  by  writing  them  near  together,  and  occa- 
sionally by  joining  them :  .Q7j>. second  day  of  May. 

\ X 

TO. 

o.  To  may  often  be  expressed  by  writing  the  word 
which  follows  it  below  the  line:  _ to  be,  to  take. 

OR. 

p.  Or  may  be  expressed  by  writing  the  word  which 
follows  it  under  the  word  which  precedes  it :  .rrr-^..  May 
or  June. 

In  writing  figures  according  to  this  rule,  it  will  not 
be  necessary  to  repeat  those  which  are  not  changed : 

•// 

' .  eleven  or  twelve. 
/ 

RAY   IX   PHRASES. 

q.  Ray  in  phrases  represents  were.  It  may  be 
vocalized  to  represent  are. 


60  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 

ANYTHING. 

r.  It  will  be  found  very  convenient  to  ornit  the 
angle  between  n  and  ing  in  this  word  in  phrase-signs : 

anything  about. 

HE    IN    PHRASES. 

s.  It  will  be  found  convenient  to  write  he  in  phrases 
by  the  stem  for  hay,  written  in  accordance  with  note  a, 

paragraph  29,  thus : did  he,  ...V .  when  he,  .    /.  that 

he,  etc. 

STEMS  NOT   SHADED. 

When  the  student  has  had  sufficient  practice  in  writ- 
ing, so  that  he  is  tolerably  familiar  with  the  appearance 
of  the  different  word-forms,  he  may  adopt  the  custom 
of  discarding  the  use  of  shading  the  different  stem-signs. 
This  should  be  done  in  such  a  manner  as  will  not  inter- 
fere with  his  ability  to  read  his  phonography  easily  ; 
and  to  accomplish  this,  the  following  plan  is  recom- 
mended :  Let  him  begin  by  discarding  the  shading  from 
word-signs.  Afterward  he  may  drop  the  shading  from 
those  words,  the  outlines  of  which  he  has  become  famil- 
iar with  from  having  written  them  often,  and  thus 
gradually  he  will  accustom  himself  to  being  able  with 
advantage  to  dispense  with  shading  as  a  rule,  making 
the  shaded  stems  the  exception.  The  student  will  find, 
with  very  little  practice,  that  this  can  be  accomplished, 


PHRASING.  61 

and  an  impetus  will  be  given  to  his  capacity  to  write 
rapidly,  without  detriment  to  legibility. 

OUTLINES  NOT   VOCALIZED. 

In  the  same  manner  the  student  can  gradually  dis- 
pense with  vocalization  as  a  rule.  Where  the  consonant 
outlines  are  sufficiently  distinct  in  themselves,  it  will  be 
found  that  vocalization  is  no  aid  to  legibility.  Experi- 
ence will  enable  the  writer  to  determine  in  what  out- 
lines the  vocalization  and  shading  can  safely  be  omitted. 


CHAPTEK  XI. 

HOW   TO  PRACTICE. 

WHEN  the  student  has  mastered  the  phonographic 
principles  as  laid  down  in  the  foregoing  rules,  and  com- 
mitted to  memory  the  word-signs  contained  in  the  list, 
he  will  have  at  his  command  a  system  of  short-hand 
writing  sufficiently  brief  to  report  the  most  rapid  speak- 
ers he  will  encounter.  Yet  simply  this  knowledge  will 
no  more  enable  him  to  report,  verbatim,  the  words  of  a 
rapid  speaker  than  a  rudimentary  knowledge  of  the 
notes  in  music  would  enable  a  person  to  execute  per- 
fectly upon  the  piano  one  of  the  difficult  compositions 
of  Liszt  or  Mozart.  Not  that  the  student  of  phonog- 
raphy has  anything  like  so  long  and  so  difficult  a  task 
before  him,  but  an  element  which  is  just  as  necessary 
to  him  as  to  the  amateur  pianist  must  enter  into  his 
work  before  the  wished-for  end  can  be  reached.  That 
element  is  practice.  He  has  the  task  before  him  of 
making  himself  so  familiar  with  the  outlines  of  all  the 
ordinary  words  which  he  will  write,  that  they  will  come 
to  his  mind  without  the  least  perceptible  hesitation.  In 
addition  to  this,  he  has  the  task  of  training  his  hand  to 


HOW  TO  PRACTICE.  63 

trace  the  characters  with  rapidity  and  accuracy.  To 
accomplish  these  two  needed  results,  a  thorough  course 
of  practice  is  absolutely  essential. 

The  best  kind  of  practice  is  obtained  by  writing 
from  the  dictation  of  another  person.  This  will  be 
found  far  better  than  copying  from  a  book,  and  even 
better,  at  the  outset,  than  reporting  speeches  or  court 
proceedings,  because  the  reader  will  accommodate  his 
speed  of  dictation  to  the  speed  of  the  writer,  and  thus 
he  will  be  able  to  accomplish  a  great  deal  more  in  any 
given  space  of  time,  and  he  will  not  be  so  apt  to  force 
himself  into  an  illegible  style  of  writing,  in  his  en- 
deavors to  keep  pace  with  a  rapid  speaker,  lie  will 
thus,  if  he  has  taken  sufficient  pains  in  learning  to  form 
the  characters  accurately,  acquire  a  habit  of  writing  a 
plain  and  readily  legible  short-hand — a  habit,  it  is  need- 
less to  say,  which  will  prove  invaluable  when  he  comes 
to  put  his  phonography  to  practical  use.  After  the 
student  has  had  a  fair  amount  of  practice  of  this  kind, 
he  should  try  his  hand  at  actual  reporting,  combining 
both  methods  in  his  practice.  In  fact,  he  should  avail 
himself  of  all  the  opportunities  at  his  command  for 
putting  his  phonography  into  use,  but  he  should  con- 
tinue for  a  long  time  the  practice  of  writing  from 
dictation. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
PHRASING. 

THE  following  is  a  list  of  most  of  the  frequently 
used  phrase-signs.  The  larger  portion  of  them  are  more 
especially  designed  for  court  reporting,  but  when  famil- 
iarized they  may  often  be  employed  to  advantage  in 
general  reporting.  The  common  recurrence  of  certain 
forms  of  expression  in  the  examination  of  witnesses 
renders  a  rather  free  use  of  phrasing  more  important 
than  in  the  reporting  of  speeches  or  other  stenographic 
work.  Some  few  expedients  for  taking  testimony  are 
most  always  employed  by  skillful  stenographers.  A  few 
may  here  be  suggested.  The  writing  of  a  long  up- 
ward stroke  to  indicate  an  answer,  and  the  joining  of 
the  first  word  or  phrase  of  the  answer  to  it,  will  be 
found  of  great  value  in  reporting  rapid  testimony.  It 
is  well  to  write  the  name  of  the  witness  in  full  when 
he  is  first  sworn,  for  the  sake  of  accuracy  and  ease  of 
reference ;  the  cross-examination  may  be  indicated  by 
writing  Or.,  with  the  initial  of  the  counsel  who  con- 
ducts the  examination ;  the  redirect  examination  may 
be  indicated  by  writing  fid.,  and  the  recross  examina- 


PHEAS1NG.  65 

tion  by  R  Cfr.,  with  the  initial  of  the  counsel  as 
before.  Objections  may  be  noted  by  writing  Obp  for 
objected  to  by  plaintiffs  counsel,  and  Obd  for  objected 
to  by  defendant's  counsel.  Where  a  word  or  phrase, 
the  outline  of  which  is  inconveniently  long,  or  difficult 
to  form  with  rapidity,  is  likely  to  occur  frequently,  a 
special  contraction  may  be  made  after  it  has  once  been 
written  in  full.  Care  should  be  taken  to  make  the 
special  contraction  as  distinctive  as  possible,  by  adopting 
such  a  form  as  will  not  be  mistaken  for  some  ordinary 
word  or  phrase.  Thus,  "The  New  York  Central  & 
Hudson  River  R.  R,.  Co."  may  be  written  by  the  stem- 
sign  for  n,  and  the  yay  stem,  with  the  s  circle  attached, 
struck  through  it  ;  "  The  New  York,  Lake  Erie  & 
Western  R.  R.,"  by  the  stem  n,  and  the  stem  I  struck 
through,  etc. 

The  following  list  is  mainly  for  reference.  It  is  not 
essential  to  learn  them  by  rote,  but  it  will  be  well  to 
practice  upon  them  until  the  student  is  familiar  with 
them,  as  valuable  phrase-signs  will  thus  be  at  his  com- 
mand when  an  opportunity  occurs  for  their  use. 

The  outlines  in  the  following  printed  list  are  indi- 
cated by  the  ordinary  printed  alphabet.  Each  consonant 
stem  is  represented  by  the  letter  or  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet which  most  resemble  the  sound  represented  by  the 
stem.  When  sh  and  I  are  to  be  written  upward,  they 
are  printed  in  italics;  otherwise  they  are  printed  in  Ro- 
man type.  To  distinguish  between  the  downward  and 


66 


THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


upward  r,  the  same  method  is  adopted,  the  upward  r 
being  printed  in  italics,  the  downward  r  in  Roman.  The 
stem-signs  are  represented  by  capital  letters ;  the  circles, 
hooks,  loops,  and  curved  ticks  are  represented  by  small 
letters.  The  brief  way  and  yay  signs  are  distinguished 
from  the  stem-signs  by  printing  the  brief  signs  in  italics. 
The  position  of  the  first  stem  of  an  outline  is  indicated 
by  a  figure  placed  after  that  stem  with  its  modifications. 
The  ticks  are  designated  as  p  tick,  cli  tick,  r  tick,  k 
tick,  or  t  tick,  depending  upon  the  direction  in  which 
the  tick  is  to  be  written. 


Upon  the— Pn1  (p  tick). 

Upon  which— Pn1  CH. 

Upon  that— Pn1  THt. 

Upon  you — Pn1  Y. 

Upon  that   subject  — Pn1  THt 

sB  J. 
Upon   that    question — Pn1  THt 

Kws  Tn. 
Upon  the  ground — Pn1  (p  tick) 

Grnt. 

Plaintiffs  case— Pits*  Ks. 
Plaintiff's  counsel— Pits2  Ks  L. 
The  plaintiff—  (p  tick)  Pint2. 
The   plaintiff  here   rested  —  (p 

tick)  Pint3  R  Rs  Tt. 
Part  of— Prf3. 
Part  of  the— Prft3. 
Part  of  their— Prfthr3. 
Can  be— K2  B. 
Can  you — Ky2. 
Can  you  not — Kyn2. 


Can  you  say — Ky2  S. 

Can  you  not  say,  or,  can't  you 

say — Kyn2  S. 
Can  you  tell— Ky2  T  1. 
Can  you  not  tell— Kyn2  T  L. 
Can  you  recollect — Ky2  R  K. 
Can  you  remember — Ky2  R  M. 
Can  you  not  remember — Kyn* 

RM. 

Can  you  give — Ky*  Gv. 
Can  you  not  give — Kyn2  Gv. 
Can  not — Knt2. 
Can  not  be— Knt*  B. 
I  can  not — (ch  tick)  Knt4. 
I  can  not  say — (ch  tick)  Knt2  S. 
I  can   not  tell — (ch  tick)  Kiit2 

TL. 
I  can  not  give— (ch  tick)  Knt" 

Gv. 
I  can  not  remember — (ch  tick) 

Knt2  R  M. 


PHRASING. 


67 


r  can   not   recollect — (ch  tick) 

Knt'  R  K. 
Could  you — Kys  [similar  phrases 

as  are  formed  with  can]. 
Give  you— Gyl1. 
Give  me— Gl1  M. 
Give  his— Gfs1. 
Give  their— Gfthr1. 
Give  us— Gf1  S. 
If  you — Fy1. 
If  you  have— Fy1  V. 
If  you  have  been — Fy1  V  Bn. 
If  not— F1  Nt. 
If  any— F1  N. 
If  anything— F1  N  NG. 
If  there— Fthr1. 
If  there  is  (or  has)  not — Fthrs1 

Nt. 

If  there  has  been — Fthrs1  Bn. 
If  there  has  not  been — Fthrs1  N't 

Bn. 

If  there  was— Fthr1  Z. 
If  there  is  anything — Fthrs1  N 

NG. 

If  you  were — Fy1  B. 
If  you  were  not — Fy1  .ffnt. 
Have  not — Vnt3. 
Have  not  been — Vnt8  Bn. 
Have  you  been — Vy3  Bn. 
Have  you  not  been — Vyns  Bn. 
Have     you     been     there  —  Vy3 

Bnthr. 
Have  you  not  been  there — Vyn3 

Bnthr. 

Of  you  (or  your) — Vy1. 
Of  it— Vt1. 

Of  your  own — Vy1  N". 
Of  the— V^c&tick). 


Of  their— Vthr1. 

Of  their  own— Vthr1  X. 

For  the  purpose  of — Kt1  Pa  V. 

For  that— E1  THt 

For  the  sake— Rts1  K. 

For  the  sake  of— Rts1  Kf. 

For  the  plaintiff— Rtl  Pint. 

For  the  defendant— R1  (r  tick) 

Dft. 

For  what — R1  w. 
For  what  was — R1  w  Z. 
As  a  matter  of  law — sMter3  L. 
As  a  matter  of  fact — sMter3  FK. 
I  had— (r  tick)  D3. 
I  had  not  (or  hadn't) — (r  tick) 

Dnt3. 

I  had  been— (r  tick)  D3  Bn. 
I  had  not  been — (r  tick)  Dnt3 

Bn. 
I  had   been  there — (r  tick)  D3 

Bnthr. 
I  had  not  been  there — (r  tick) 

Dnt3  Bnthr. 
Had  you — Dy3. 
Had  you  not — Dyn3. 
Had  you  been — Dy3  Bn. 
Had  you  not  been — Dyn3  Bn. 
Had  you  been  there — Dy3  Bnthr. 
Had  you  not  been  there — Dyn3 

Bnthr. 

Had  you  ever  been — Dyv3  Bn. 
Had  you  ever  been  there — Dyv3 

Bnthr. 

Had  you  received — Dy3  Ss  Vd. 
Had  he— D3  H. 
Had  he  said— D3  Hs  D. 
Had  he  been— D3  H  Bn. 
Had  he  been  there— D3  H  Bnthr. 


68 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


Had  be  ever— D3  II  V. 
Had  he  not— D3  H  Nt. 
Had  he  not  been  there — D3  U 

Nt  Bnthr. 
Had  there— Dthr3. 

Had  there  been—  Dthrn8. 
During  the — Drt3. 
During  the  time — Drt3  M. 
During  that— Dr3  Tilt. 
During  that  time— Dr3  THt  M. 
During  the  latter  part  of  the — 

Drt3  Lter  Prvt. 
During  the  year — Drt3  Y. 
During  the  same  time — Drt3  sMt 

M. 
During  the  time  of  bis  —  Drt3 

Mvs. 
During  the  time  of  their — Drt3 

Mvthr. 

The  defendant— (r  tick)  Dft2. 
The  defendant's  counsel — (r  tick) 

Ds2  Ks  L. 
The  defendant   here  rested — (r 

tick)  Dft2  R  tfstd. 
It  was— T1  Z. 
It  was  done— T1  Z  Dn. 
It  was  said— T1  Z  sD. 
It  was  not— T1  Z  Nt. 
It  is  (or  has) — Ts1. 
It  is  not— Ts1  Nt. 
It  has  not  been— Ts1  Nt  Bn. 
It  has  been— Ts1  Bn. 
It  will— Tl1. 
It  will  not— Tint1. 
It  will  be— Tl1  B. 
It  will  not  be— Tint1  B. 
Between  the — Twn1  (cJi  tick). 
Between  that— Twn1  THt. 


Between  you — Twn1  Y. 

Between  their — Twnthr1. 

At  that  time— T3  THt  M. 

At  this  time— T3  THs  T  M". 

At  the— Tt3. 

At  the  time— Tts  M. 

At  the  time  of— Tt3  Mv. 

At  the  time  of  his — Tt3  Mrs. 

At  the  time  of  their— Tt3  Mvthr. 

At  the  same  place — Tts3  M  Pis. 

At  the  same  time — Tts3  Mt  M. 

Out  of— TF. 

Out  of  the  (or  it)— Tft3. 

Out  of  their— Tfther3. 

By  what— Bw1. 

By  you — By1. 

By  their— Bther1. 

By  the— B  (eh  tick)1. 

By  that— B1  Tilt. 

By  that  time— B1  THt  M. 

By  this  time  — B1  Tils  T  M. 

But  you — By2. 

But  what— Bw2. 

Before  you—  Byf2. 

Before  we — Bwfs. 

Before  there — Bfther2. 

Before  there  was — Bfther2  Z. 

Before  he— Bf2  H. 

Before  she— Bf2  SH. 

Before  it— Bft2. 

Before   a  (an,   or  and) — Bf  (7t 

tick)2. 
Before  and   after — Bf  (k  tic-!;)2 

Fter. 

Before  or  after— Bf2  R  Fter. 
Before  you  were — Byf2  R. 
Before  we  were — Bwf2  R. 
Before  you  say — Byf2  S. 


PHRASING. 


69 


Before  you  went — Byf2  Wnt. 
Before  his— Bfs". 
About  what — B  (ow)  w3. 
About   what  time — B  (ow)  w3 

M. 

About  how  long— B  (r  tick)3  NG. 
About  how  long  before — B3  (r 

tick)  NG  Bf. 
About  how   long    after — B3   (r 

tick)  NG  Fter. 
About  how  long  before  or  after 

— B3  (r  tick)  NG  Bf  S  Fter. 
Do  you — Dy2. 
Do  we — Dwa. 
Do  you  not — Dyn2. 
Do  you  know — Dy2  N. 
Do  you  not  know — Dyn2  N. 
Do  you  know  the  plaintiff — Dy2 

N  (p  tick)  Pint. 
Do  you  know   the  defendant — 

Dy2  N  Dft. 

Do  you  know  of — Dy2  Nv. 
Do  you  know  of  his — Dy2  Nvs. 
Do  you   know   of    their  —  Dy2 

Nvther. 
Do  you  know  whether — Dy2  N 

Wthr. 
Do  you   not  know   whether  — 

Dyn2  N  Wthr. 
Do  you  know  of — Dy3  Nv. 
Do  you  not  know  of  his — Dyn2 

Nvs. 
Do  you  not  know  of  their — Dyn2 

Nvthr. 

Do  you  see — Dy2  S. 
Do  you  not  see — Dyn2  S. 
Do  you  see  anything — Dy2  S  N 

NG. 


Do  you  know  anything  about — 

Dy2  N  N  NG  B  (ow). 
Do  yon  think— Dy2  TH. 
Do  you  think  of— Dy3  THv. 
Do  you  think  of  anything — Dy* 

THv  N  NG. 

Do  you  recollect— Dy2  R  K. 
Do  you  recollect  of  his — Dy2  R 

Kvs. 
Do  you  recollect  of  their — Dy2 

^Kfthr. 

Do  you  not  recollect — Dyn2  R  K. 
Do  you  remember — Dy2  R  M. 
Do  you  not  remember — Dyn2  B 

M. 

Do  you  remember  of — Dy2  R  Mv. 
Do  you  remember  of  his — Dy3  R 

Mvs. 
Do  you  remember  of  their — Dya 

R  Mfthr. 

Do  you  have — Dyf2. 
Do  you  have  any — Dyf5  N. 
Do  you  have  anything — Dyf  N 

NG. 

Do  you  tell— Dy2  XL 
Do  you  state— Dy2  sTt. 
Do  you  pretend — Dy2  Pr  Tnd. 
I  do— (r  tick)  D2. 
I  do  not  (or  don't) — (r  tick)  Dnt2. 
I  do  not  know — (r  tick)  Dnt2  N. 
I  do  not  know  whether — (r  tick) 

Dnt2  N  Wtbr. 
I  don't  know   whether   he — (r 

tick)  Dnt2  N  Wthr  H. 
Did  you  (similar  phrases  as  with 

do)— Dy1. 

I  think— (r  tick)  TH1. 
I  think  of— (r  tick)  TIK1. 


70 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


I  think  of  nothing— (r  tick)  THf1 

N  TH  NG. 

I  think  not— (r  tick)  TH1  Nt. 
I  think  of  no— (r  tick)  THf1  N. 
I  think  of  nobody— (r  tick)  THf1 

NBd. 

1  think  so— (r  tick)  TH1  S. 
I  think  it  was— (r  tick)  TH1  T  Z. 
I  think  it  was  not— (r  tick)  TH1 

T  Z  Nt. 
I  think  it  has  (or  is) — (r  tick) 

TH1  Ts. 
I  think  it  has  not— (r  tick)  TH1 

TsNt. 
I  think  it  has  not  been — (r  tick) 

TffTs  MBn. 

I  think  there— (r  tick)  THthr1. 
I    think    there    has  —  (r    tick) 

THthrs1. 
I  think  there  lias  not — (r  tick) 

THthrs1  Nt. 
I  think  there  has  not  been — (r 

tick)  THthrs1  Nt  Bn. 
I  think  there  is  nothing — (r  tick) 

Tllthrs1  N  TH  NG. 
They  are— TH2  S. 
They  were—  THr3. 
They  have— THf. 
They  have  been— THfna. 
They  have  beenthere— Tllfnthr2. 
They  have  not  been  there — THf2 

Nt  Bnthr. 

There  were— THr2  R. 
There  were  not — THr2  Rnt. 
There  was— THr2  Z. 
There  was  not— THr8  Z  Nt. 
Was  not— Z2  Nt. 
Was  he— Z2  H. 


Was  he  not— Z2  H  Nt. 

Was  he  there— Z2  Hthr. 

Was  not  done— Z2  Nt  Dn. 

Was  there— Zthr2. 

Was  there  not — Zthr2  Nt. 

Was  there  any — Zthr3  N. 

Was  there   anything — Zthr2   N 

NG. 
Was  there  anything  said — Ztlir2 

N  NG  sD. 
Was  there  anything  done — Zthr2 

N^GDn. 

Was  t  .ere  anybody — ZthrN  Bd. 
Was  there  anyone — Zthr3  N  Wn. 
Tliat  is— Tilts3. 
That  is  not— THts3  Nt. 
That  you— Tlly3. 
That  you  were— THy »  R. 
That  you  were  not — THy3  7?nt. 
That  you  say— THy3  S. 
That  you  can— THy3  K. 
That  you  can  not— THy3  Knt. 
That  the  plaintiff— THt3  Pint. 
That  the  defendant— THt3  Dft. 
That  the  plaintiff  in  this  action 

-THt3  Pint  N  THs  Kshn. 
That  the  defendant  in  this  action 

—THt3  Dft  N  THs  Kshn. 
We  have— Wv1. 
We  have  not— Wv1  Nt. 
We  have  no — Wv1  N. 
We  have  been — Wvn1. 
We  have  been  there — Wvnthr1. 
We  were— W1  R. 
We  were  not— W1  .ffnt. 
We  say— W1  S. 
We  can— W1  K. 
We  can  not— W  Knt. 


PHRASING. 


We  can  not  say—  W1  Knt  S. 
When  you—  Wy2. 
When  you  were  —  Wy2  ft. 
When    you    were   there  —  Wya 


Wlien  you  were  not  —  Wy2  Rnt. 
When  you  first  —  Wyst2. 
When  you  next  —  Wy2  Nst. 
When  you  say—  Wy2  S. 
When  you  can  —  Wy2  K. 
When  you  can  not  —  Wy2  Knt. 
When  you  told—  Wy2  Tld. 
When  you  said  —  Wy2  sD. 
When  you  came  —  Wy2  K  M. 
When  \vas-W2  Z. 
When  was  it—  W2  Zt. 
When  was  the  first—  Wa  Ztst. 
When  was  your  —  W2  Zy. 
Would  not—  Wnt3. 
Would  not  be—  Wnt3  B. 
Would  you  —  Wy3. 
Would  you  not—  Wyn*. 
Would  have—  Wv3. 
Would  have  been  —  Wvn3. 
Would     have     been     there  — 

Wvnthr". 

I  would—  (ch  tick)  W3. 
I  would  not—  (ch  tick)  Wnt3. 
I  would  have  —  (ch  tick)  Wv8. 
I   would  have   been—  (ch   tick) 

Wvn3. 
I  would  have   been   there  —  (ch 

tick)  Wvnthr3. 

I  would  not  be  —  (ch  tick)  Wnt3  B. 
I  would  not  be  certain  —  (ch  tick) 

Wnt3  Bs  Rt  X. 
I  would  not  be  positive  —  (eAtick) 

Wnt3  B  Ps  TV. 


I  would  not  be  sure — (ch  tick) 

Wnt3  B  SHr. 
Or  not— Ait1. 
Were  not— .#nt2. 
Were  you  not—  fly"  Nt. 
Were  you  there  —  .ffythr2. 
Were  there—  ffthr2. 
Were  not— £nt\ 
Were  you  acquainted  with — Ry* 

Kwnt. 

Where  did  you  go — R*  Dy  G. 
Were  you  acquainted  with  the 

plaintiff— 5y2  Kwnt  (p  tick) 

Pint. 
Were  you  acquainted  with  the 

defendant—  7?y2  Kwnt  Dft. 
Where  was—  R*  Z. 
Where  do  you — R*  Dy. 
Where  do  you  live — R*  Dy  L  V. 
Where  did  you  see — Z?2  Dy  S. 
Where  \ve,  or  were  we — -ffw2. 
Where  did  you  have — R3  Dyv. 
He  has,  or  he  is — Hs1. 
He  has  not— Hs1  Xt. 
He  has  been — Hs1  Bn. 
He  has  not  been — Hs1  Nt  Bn. 
He  says— H1  sS. 
He  said— H1  sD. 
He  says  he  was — Hs1  S  H  Z. 
He  says  he  was  not — Hs1  S  H  Z 

Nt. 

He  said  he  was — Hs1  D  H  Z. 
He  says  he  was  there — Hs1  S  H 

Zthr. 
He  says  he  has  not  been — Hs1  S 

Hs  Nt  Bn. 
He  says  he  has  not  been  there— 

Hs1  S  Hs  Nt  Bnthr. 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


On  the — (;•  tick,  ch  tick1). 

On  a — (?•  tick,  A-  tick1). 

On  the  part — (r  tick,   ch  tick) 

Prt1. 
On  the  part  of  the — (?•  tick,  ch 

tick)  Prft1. 
On  the  part  of  their — (r  tick,  ch 

tick)  Prithr1. 
On  the  part  of  the  plaintiff — (r 

tick,  ch  tick)  Prt  Pint1. 
On  the  part  of  the  defendant — 

(?•  tick,  ch  tick)  Prft1  Dft. 
On  the  one  hand — (r  tick,  ch 

tick)  Wn1  Xd. 
On   the   other    hand  —  (r   tick) 

THthr1  Xd. 
On  the  ground — (r  tick,  ch  tick) 

Grnd1. 
On  that  subject— (r  tick)  THt1 

sB  J. 
On  that  question — (r  tick)  THt1 

K\vs  Tn. 

On  to  the— (r  tick)  T1  (r  tick). 
In  favor  of— N1  Fv  Jiv. 
In  the  evening — Nt1  Vn  XG. 
In  the    morning — X1  (ch  tick) 

MnNG. 

In  the  afternoon — Xt1  Ftr  Xn. 
In  the  spring — nsPr2  NG. 
In  the  summer — nsM2  R. 
In  the  fall— Xt1  F  L. 
In  the  winter — N1  (ch  tick)  Wntr. 
Time  of— Mv1. 

Time  of  payment — Mv1  P  Mnt. 
Time  of  day— Mv1  D. 
From  time  to  time — M1  M  M. 
What  is — ws1. 
What  is  your  business — ws,1  Bs. 


What  is  done — ws1  Dn. 
What  is  it — ws1  T. 
What  kind— wl  Knd. 
What  kind  of— w1  Knd  V. 
What  was  said — wl  Zs  D. 
What  was  done — w1  Z  Dn. 
What  was  there — wl  Zthr. 
What  was  said  there — w1  ZsDthr. 
What  would— w  W3. 
What  would  be— w  W'  B. 
What  was — ic  Z*. 
What  was  he— w  Z2  H. 
What  did  he— w  Dd1  H. 
After  you — Fytr3. 
Whether  you—  Wythr2. 
Great  extent— Grts2  Tnt. 
Some  extent — sMs2  Tnt. 
Greater  or  less  than — Grta   Ls 

Tlln. 

More  or  less  than — Mr2  Ls  THn. 
Ought  to  be—  (Tc  tick)  Tt  B1. 
Ought  to  have  been — (k  tick)  Tf1 

Bn. 

Ought  not  to  be— (k  tick)  Tnt1  B. 
At  all— Tl3. 

At  all  events— Tlf3  Xts. 
At  one — Twn3. 
At  once — Twns3. 
At  one  time— Twn3  T  M. 
At  any  time— T3  X  M. 
Long  time — L  X  G  M. 
Howr  long  a  time — (r  tick)  XG9 

M. 

Said  something — sDs2  M  XG. 
Best  of  your  recollection — Bs2  Y 

R  Kshn. 
Best  of  my  recollection — Bs2  M 

R  Kshn. 


PHRASING. 


73 


Best  recollection — Bss  S  Kshn. 
Best  of  your  judgment — Bs"  Y 

J  J  Mnt. 

Best  judgment — BsQ  J  J  Mnt. 
Best  of  my  belief— Bs>  M  Blf. 
Went  there — Wnthr". 
Around  there — Rndthr\ 
Lived  there — L1  Vthr. 
Moved  there— M  Vthr3. 
Arrived  there — Rftr1. 
The  next— (r  tick)  STst*. 
The  next  time— (r  tick)   Nsa  M. 
Tlie  next  day — (r  tick)  Ns*  D. 
The  next  morning — (r  tick)  Ns5 

Mn  XG. 
In  pursuance  of — N1  Pf  (struck 

through  the  N). 

In  accordance  with — N1  Krd  w. 
In  connection  with — N1  K  w. 
I  understand  you — (r  tick)  Ns9  Y. 
I  understood  you — (rtick)  Ns3  Y. 
I  understand  you  to  say — (r  tick) 

Ns9  Y  S.  " 
I  understood  you  to  say — (r  tick) 

Ns1  Y  S. 

I  know  of — (r  tick)  Nf . 
I  know  of  his— (r  tick)  Nfs9. 
I  know  of  their— (r  tick)  Xfthr2. 
Objection  overruled — B1  Jshn  V 

Md. 


Exception  taken — Ksa  Pshn  Kn. 
Sustained  and  exception  taken — 

ssTds2    Pshn  Kn. 
Overruled  and  exception  taken 

— Vr»  fllds  Pshn  Kn. 
Received  and  exception  taken — 

Rs1  Yds  Pshn  Kn. 
Excluded  and  exception  taken — 

Ks9  Kl  Dds  Pshn  Kn. 
Gentlemen  of  the  jury — Jnts  J. 
If  the  court  please — Ft1  Krt  Pis. 
Your  honor — Y3  Nr. 
Mr.  Chairman— Mr1  CHr  Mn. 
Ladies  and  gentlemen— ZDs2Gnt 
Will  yon  state — Zys1  Tt. 
Will  you  swear — Zys1  W. 
Will  you  say— Zy1  S. 
Judgment  roll— J  J  Mt  SI. 
Once  or  twice — Wns2  Ts. 
Once  in  a  while — Wns2  N  Wl. 
One  or  both— W"  Nr  B  TH. 
One  or  two— W2  Nr  T. 
With  reference— TH1  Sf. 
In  reference — Xr1  F. 
With  relation— TH1  fflshn. 
In  relation — N1  .fflshn. 
With  regard— TH1  R  Grd. 
In  regard — Nr1  Grd. 
With  respect— TH1  #s  P  Kt. 
In  respect — Nrs1  P  Kt. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

READING  PHONOGRAPHY. 

NOTWITHSTANDING  the  great  brevity  of  phonography, 
and  the  exceeding  rapidity  with  which  it  can  be  written, 
it  is,  if  properly  executed,  entirely  legibls  to  the  skilled 
stenographer.  Indeed,  a  court  stenographer  is  expected 
to  be  called  upon,  again  and  again,  to  refer  to  his  min- 
utes, and  read,  at  once,  the  testimony  of  witnesses  which 
he  may  have  taken  some  days  before,  and  often  the 
evidence  will  be  that  of  expert  witnesses  on  difficult 
technical  matter,  which  has  been  delivered  with  rapidity. 
Sometimes,  even,  a  jury  will  come  into  court  for  in- 
struction on  the  evidence,  and  the  stenographer  will  be 
required  to  read  over  all  the  testimony  given  in  a  case. 
We  know  many  stenographers  who  have  had  this  ex- 
perience. It  is  an  old  saying  among  court  reporters, 
that  if  there  is  anything  peculiarly  difficult  in  the  testi- 
mony, or  any  that  has  come  with  unusual  rapidity,  that 
is  the  part  they  will  be  called  upon  to  read.  The  reason 
of  this  is,  that  such  testimony  is  apt  to  be  given  with 
less  distinctness,  and  consequently  the  opposing  attor- 
neys are  liable  to  get  into  a  dispute  as  to  what  the 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  75 

witness  said,  or  the  court  or  jury  may  wish  to  have  it 
read  for  their  own  enlightenment.  Now,  however  much 
an  attorney  may  stumble,  and  blunder,  and  hesitate,  in 
reading  exhibits  and  documents  written  in  the  common 
long  hand,  it  is  expected  of  the  stenographer  that  he 
will  read  his  stenographic  'notes  accurately  and  with 
fluency.  To  accomplish  this  result,  and  enable  the 
stenographer  to  read  his  notes  thus  readily,  something 
more  must  be  done  than  merely  attaining  the  capacity 
to  write.  A  separate  course  of  training  must  be  under- 
gone. The  course  which  we  shall  suggest,  if  persever- 
ingly  followed,  will,  we  believe,  give  the  student  great 
assistance  toward  the  desired  result.  He  should  in  all 
his  practice  make  it  a  rule  to  read  over  everything  which 
he  writes.  This  may  be  slow  work  at  first ;  but,  however 
irksome  it  may  be,  he  should  perseveringly  continue 
this  throughout  his  practice.  He  should  read  over  care- 
fully the  exercises  given  in  this  work,  until  he  can  tell 
the  words  at  a  glance.  He  may  then  commence  read- 
ing the  phonographic  matter  contained  in  the  subsequent 
pages,  not  contenting  himself  with  going  once  over  the 
ground,  but  he  may  with  profit  read  all  of  the  printed 
phonography  in  these  pages  many  times,  and  he  will 
thus  familiarize  himself  witli  proper  forms  for  the  con- 
sonant outlines.  If  the  course  here  laid  down  is  pur- 
sued, the  student  will  find  that  his  short-hand  notes,  if 
written  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy,  and  according  to 
the  system  herein  given,  will  be  plain  and  legible. 


76 


THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


> 


1 

t 


j 


1 


\ 

V 


\ 


I      <"  -1 

•U  x  L     .    . 


\  , 


Z 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  77 

NOTE. — A  few  pages  of  phonographic  exercises  with  shaded  outlines 
are  given  as  a  sort  of  stepping-stone  to  the  practice  of  reading  unshaded 
phonography.  A  very  little  practice  will  enable  the  student  to  read  the 
unshaded  quite  as  well  as  the  shaded  exercises,  but  it  may  be  well  for  the 
student  to  accustom  himself  to  the  former  at  the  outset,  as  a  sort  of  intro- 
ductory method,  and  in  order  that  he  may  be  able  to  shade  strokes  in  his 
writing  if  it  should  at  any  time  be  found  necessary  so  to  do.  Care  should 
be  taken  in  writing  proper  names. 


REPORTING  AS  A   MENTAL  EXERCISE. 

IF  we  consider  the  mechanical  operations  which  are 
carried  on  during  the  act  of  taking  down  a  speaker's 
words  in  short-hand,  we  shall  not  be  surprised  that  long 
and  diligent  practice  is  needed  for  the  acquisition  of  the 
art  of  verbatim  reporting;  our  wonder  will  rather  be 
that  still  greater  labor  and  skill  are  not  necessary  to  the 
carrying  on  of  a  process  so  rapid  and  yet  so  complicated. 

Let  us  suppose  that  a  speaker  commences  his  address. 
He  utters  a  few  words  slowly  and  deliberately ;  they  fall 
on  the  reporter's  ear,  and  are  thence  communicated  to 
the  brain  as  the  organ  of  the  mind ;  the  writer  must  then 
call  to  his  memory  the  sign  for  each  word  he  has  heard  ; 
the  proper  symbol  being  present  to  his  mind,  a  com- 
munication is  made  from  the  brain  to  the  fingers,  which, 
obedient  to  a  cerebral  impulse,  and  trained  perhaps  to  the 


78 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


\  • 


T 


V 

(  . 


X 


r* 

r 

\ 


A 


V 


'  \   .  /• 


/ 


-3 


V. 


-1    V 


} 


•*=• 


n 


V^ 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  79 

nicest  accuracy  of  delineation,  rapidly  trace  the  mystic 
lines  on  the  paper.  Some  portion  of  time  is,  of  course, 
required  after  the  words  have  been  spoken  for  each  of 
these  operations  to  be  performed ;  yet  see !  the  writer 
appears  to  stop  precisely  at  the  same  time  as  the  speaker. 
The  orator  continues  his  deliberate  utterance,  and  the 
writer  is  able  to  stenograph  each  word  before  the  next 
is  articulated.  Now,  however,  the  speaker  warms  with 
his  subject,  and  changes  his  measured  pace  for  one  more 
rapid ;  the  writer  increases  his  speed  accordingly,  and, 
notwithstanding  the  many  operations  at  work  in  his 
mind,  scarcely  is  the  last  word  of  the  sentence  uttered 
before  he  lifts  his  pen  from  the  paper,  as  if  for  a  mo- 
ment's rest,  not  a  syllable  having  escaped  him.  This 
surely  is  a  laborious  task ;  still  more  so  that  which  fol- 
lows. The  speaker  has  finished  his  exordium,  is  in  the 
midst  of  his  discourse,  and  has  begun  his  flights  of 
oratory.  Listen  to  his  next  sentence.  He  begins  in 
a  low  tone  and  with  measured  pace  ;  after  a  few 


80 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


v 


-f 


e  '- 


c 


UA, 


/ 


L_  V  X 


'    \ 


.   \ 


^=^ 


4-V 

^^r 


\ 

" 


-\ 


X 


c 


V 


1 


± 


BEADING  PHONOGRAPHY.  81 

words  he  makes  a  sudden  pause ;  and  then,  as  if  in- 
spired by  a  sudden  influx  of  thoughts,  and  fearful  lest 
they  should  escape  before  he  can  give  them  utterance, 
he  dashes  along  with  an  impetuosity  which  is  never 
diminished  till  he  is  out  of  breath  with  exertion.  In 
this  rapid  delivery  he  has  gamed  ground  to  the  extent 
of  six  or  eight  words  on  the  writer,  whom,  it  may  be, 
he  has  taken  by  surprise.  The  latter  has  had  to  listen 
to  the  words  which  were  in  advance  of  him,  recall  the 
proper  sign  for  each,  send  it  from  the  brain  to  the  fin- 
gers, and  trace  it  on  his  note-book,  while  at  the  same 
time  he  has  had  to  attend  to  the  words  which  follow, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  dispose  of  them  in  the  same  way 
when  their  turn  arrives.  In  this  manner  his  mental 
and  bodily  powers  are  occupied  for  an  hour,  or  per- 
haps many  hours  together. 

As  a  mental   exercise,  then,  reporting  may  be  re- 
garded as  of  great  utility. 

THOMAS  ALLEN  REED. 


82 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


>v     -p 

v        l| 


/  a     ^  c 


•3. 


-P 

r 


vv 

T 


\.     I 

M    y 


c 


7 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  83 


REPORTING  AT   CHAUTAUQUA. 

THE  fan.e  of  Chautauqua  has  become  world -wide. 
Situated  on  the  beautiful  shores  of  a  romantic  lake,  with 
a  lofty  geographical  elevation  above  its  physical  sur- 
roundings, typical  of  its  present  spiritual  eminence, 
where  less  than  ten  years  ago  there  was  little  more  than 
a  wilderness,  there  has  sprung  up  a  complex  civilization, 
whose  far-reaching  influence  bids  fair  to  become  uni- 
versal in  its  high  endeavor  to  ennoble  mankind.  A 
modest  Methodist  camp  meeting  was  the  tiny  seed 
planted  in  Chautauqua's  fertile  soil,  which  has  so  rapidly 
budded  out  into  a  sturdy  tree,  richly  laden  with  the 
blossoms  of  universal  culture,  and  which  promise  in  the 
near  future  to  ripen  into  golden  fruits. 

The  Chautauqua  idea  is  the  outcome  of  a  grand 
conception.  Its  vital  and  characteristic  feature  is 
to  develop  the  manifold  phases  of  human  nature  ; 
and  to  accomplish  this,  its  beneficent  purpose,  it  has 
recourse  to  all  the  means  and  appliances  which  our 
age  of  progress  so  bountifully  furnishes.  Foremost 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


J^L 


A 


\ 


_V^ 


\v 
\ 


V 


\ 


7 

6 


\  r  X 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  85 

among  these  is  the  Assembly,  held  each  year  during  the 
summer  months.  At  these  gatherings,  the  benefits  to 
be  derived  from  personal  contact  with  great  minds  is 
sought  to  be  realized  ;  and  to  attain  this,  an  elaborate 
programme  is  annually  prepared,  consisting  of  normal 
class  exercises  in  Sunday-school  work,  temperance  meet- 
ings, missionary  conferences,  addresses  and  lectures  by 
distinguished  speakers  on  religion,  science,  art,  literature, 
and  all  other  kindred  subjects  pertaining  to  general 
culture.  The  valuable  thoughts  which  here  have  incep- 
tion must  necessarily,  for  the  most  part,  be  well  worthy 
of  being  preserved.  To  accomplish  this,  daily  and 
monthly  journals  are  published  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Assembly  authorities,  whose  aim  it  is  to  present 
full  and  accurate  reports  of  everything  pertaining  to 
this  stupendous  project.  The  aid  of  a  large  corps  of 
stenographers,  therefore,  becomes  indispensable. 

No  stenographer  can  get  an  adequate  idea  of  Chau- 
tauqua  reporting  from  a  mere  description  of  it.  It 
differs  from  almost  every  other  kind  of  stenographic 
work.  There  is,  it  is  true,  a  great  variety  in  the 


86 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


I  ~L 


^ 


-    x  /\y 

>  r-n 


^  r/  v^- 


.  L 


iz 


\      J\ 


^ 


o 


u_,  c/ 


-u 


c 


X  ^ . 


\ 


\ 


^. 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  87 

character  of  the  reporting.  Sometimes  it  is  easy,  some- 
times it  is  moderate,  sometimes  it  is  exceedingly  difficult. 
'Some  work  it  is  necessary  to  report  with  the  utmost 
accuracy  the  stenographer  can  bestow  upon  it ;  other 
work  has  to  be  condensed  until  little  of  the  original 
speech  remains.  The  stenographer  is  often  required  to 
narrow  down  into  a  single  column  what  is  intended  to 
be  a  verbatim  report  of  a  sermon  or  address,  which 
would  make  eight  or  ten  columns  if  published  as  de- 
livered. 

Five  hundred  folios  of  Chautauqua  scenes  and  inci- 
dents might  be  given.  The  work,  in  general,  is  very 
difficult ;  far  more  so  than  court  reporting,  and  often 
becomes  the  most  wearisome  drudgery.  Yet  there  are 
many  things  to  relieve  the  disagreeable  features  of  the 
situation.  The  pleasant  moonlight  boat-rides,  the  weird 
and  fascinating  melodies  of  the  Jubilee  Singers  and 
the  inspiring  anthems  of  the  grand  Chautauqua 
choirs,  the  crowds  of  happy  people,  delightful  ex- 
cursions upon  the  lake  —  these,  and  many  other 
diversions,  ameliorate  the  hard  experience  of  the 
reporter's  life  at  Chautauqua.  We  are  invariably 


88 


THE   MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


7 


(      s^~~^   ~\  •     ^ 


p; 


r   L-   -  \ 


V 


1 

V    b 

v.   - 


(7 


1^. 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  89 

glad  when  it  is  all  over.  Yet  many  are  the  pleasant 
memories  that  we  carry -away  with  us — memories  that 
come  back  to  us  after  the  season's  close ;  and,  how- 
soever much  we  may  resolve  never  again  to  visit 
Chautauqua's  romantic  groves,  a  year  rolling  away 
leaves  in  our  minds  a  sort  of  a  twilight  picture  of  the 
old  days  and  pleasant  times  we  have  enjoyed,  and  the 
summer  finds  us  ready  again  to  accept  the  bitter  for 
the  sake  of  the  sweet,  the  disagreeable  features  for  the 
sake  of  the  many  charming  ones,  and  spend  a  summer 
month  in  that  place,  where  more  than  all  others  the 
lights  and  shades  of  life  are  brought  out  in  bold  relief : 
that  strangest  of  all,  but  most  delightful  resort,  Chau- 
tauqua..^Part  of  a  paper  read  by  the  author  before  the 
New  York  State  Stenographers'  Association. 


IMAGINARY   TESTIMONY   INTRODUCING   MOST   OF   THE 
IMPORTANT   WORD-SIGNS. 

JOHN   DOE,  sworn   for   the   plaintiff,  and   examined 
by  Mr.  Smith,  testified  as  follows: 

Q.  Where  do  you  reside  2     A.  In  New  York. 


90 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


/ 


^>        „       ^ 

V  /^^_x     * 

^-^     X  > 


\  A-A 


\ 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  91 

Q.  What  is  your  occupation  ?     A.  I  am  a  carpenter. 

Q.  Do  you  know  the  plaintiff  in  this  action?  A. 
Yes,  sir,  I  do  know  him. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  known  him  ?  A.  I  think  it 
was  in  the  latter  part  of  November,  two  years  ago,  that  I 
became  acquainted  with  him. 

Q.  At  the  time  of  this  accident  spoken  of  and  set 
forth  in  the  complaint  in  this  action,  were  you  present, 
and  did  you  see  the  defendant  at  that  time  ?  A.  I  was 
there  about  the  time  of  the  accident,  and  knew  that  he 
was  injured.  I  saw  him  a  short  time  before,  and  he  said 
he  was  on  the  way  to  the  village. 

Q.  Will  you  state  whether  or  not  he  said  anything 
about  stopping  there,  or  anything  on  that  subject  ? 

Objected  to  by  defendant's  counsel  as  immaterial, 
and  not  bearing  upon  the  issues  in  the  case,  and 
on  the  ground  that  it  is  not  the  best  evidence. 
Objection  overruled,  and  exception  taken. 

Q.  Will  you  be  kind  enough  to  give  us  something 
more  in  detail  as  to  what  was  said,  and  what  was  done  on 
that  occasion,  on  the  part  of  the  plaintiff?  A.  Well,  as 
near  as  I  can  recollect,  I  will  tell  you  in  substance  what  I 
remember  on  that  question.  I  went  there  in  order  that 
I  might  be  able  to  learn  at  what  time  the  first  railroad 
train  left,  and  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  or 
not  it  was  possible  to  ship  freight  on  that  train.  About 
the  time  I  got  there,  I  remember  of  seeing  the  plaintiff 
come  there  with  a  horse  and  wagon.  I  asked  him 


92 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


/ 


S_  J1 

r 


p 

f~v 


\   /  c 


A 


.<. 


V 


\_ 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  93 

why  he  was  there.  He  said  he  was  there  in  reference 
to  some  matters  connected  with  a  bond  and  mortgage 
upon  his  house  and  lot. 

Q.  Can  you  not  give  us  some  other  circumstances 
about  the  accident  ?  A.  I  should  be  glad  to  tell  you  all 
that  was  done  there,  but  I  think  of  nothing  other  than 
what  I  told  you ;  but  I  believe  there  was  something  said 
further  about  the  mortgage,  though  I  won't  be  positive 
as  far  as  that  is  concerned. 

Q.  Was  there  any  one  else  present  that  you  recollect 
of  ?  A.I  remember  of  some  other  persons  being  there, 
but  who  they  were  I  don't  remember. 

Q.  When  you  first  arrived  there,  where  was  your 
horse  and  buggy? 

Objected  to  by  defendant's  counsel. 
Received,  and  exception  taken. 

A.  I  had  been  to  the  county  clerk's  office  before 
that  to  find  if  there  was  a  judgment  roll  filed  in  a 
case  in  which  I  was  a  party  ;  I  had  been  there  some 
time  in  pursuance  of  a  previous  arrangement,  and  left 
my  horse  and  buggy  on  the  other  side  of  the 
street. 

Q.  Do  you  know  whether  or  not  there  was  a  prom- 
issory note  spoken  of;  do  you  recollect  of  their  saying 
anything  about  that  at  that  time  ?  A.  I  never  remem- 
ber of  hearing  of  any  such  thing. 

Q.  Did  you  learn,  during  the  time  you  were  there, 
of  there  having  been  some  difficulty,  and,  if  so, 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


A. 


c 


Q 


\Q D 


6     ^ 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  95 

can  you  state  what  it  was,  and  whether  it  was  before 
or  after  you  arrived  there?  A.  It  may  have  been  be- 
fore or  after ;  I  won't  be  certain,  but  at  all  events  it 
lasted  some  time. 

Q.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  had  he  not  been  there  before 

he  came  there  at  this  time  ?     A.  That  I  can  not  tell  you. 

Q.  Do  you  know  anything  about  this  matter  of  your 

own  personal  knowledge?     A.  No  further  than  I  have 

been  informed. 

Defendant's  counsel  moved  to  strike  out  this  evi- 
dence upon  the  ground  that  it  is  irrelevant,  and 
is  not  in  any  way  pertinent  to  this  case. 
Motion  denied,  and  exception  taken  by  defendant's 

counsel. 
FEED  GAY,  by  Guardian, 

vs. 

THE  NEW  YORK,  LAKE  ERIE 
&  WESTER x  RAILROAD 
COMPANY. 

WARSAW,  N.  Y.,  December  14,  1881. 

Before  Hon.  ALBERT  HAIGHT,  Justice,  and  a  jury. 

Counsel  for  plaintiff,  Messrs.  BARTLETT  &  BARTLETT, 
and  I.  SAM  JOHNSON,  Esq. 

Counsel  for  defendant,  Messrs.  SPRAGUE,  MILBURN  & 
SPRAGUE,  and  Hon.  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 


96  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


£2 


C 


A 


c 


c  • 


\ 


s 


/ 


v.  • 


C 


/x 


n 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  97 

JAMES  O.  McCLURE,  sworn  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff, 
and  examined  by  Mr.  M.  Bartlett,  testified  as  follows: 

Q.  Where  do  you  reside?     A.  Warsaw. 

Q.  What  is  your  business  or  profession?  A.  Civil 
engineer. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  practiced  that  profession  ? 
A.  Thirty  years. 

Q.  Do  you  know  the  place  known  as  Brainard's 
Crossing  of  the  Erie  Railway?  A.  I  do. 

[It  is  very  convenient  and  safe  to  omit  the  "  I "  in 
this  and  many  other  similar  cases.] 

Q.  Did  you  at  any  time  make  a  map  of  that  cross- 
ing, and  the  track  west  of  the  crossing?  A.  I  did. 

Q.  Did  you  examine  the  location  of  the  ground  to 
the  north  and  west  of  the  crossing?  A.  I  did. 

Q.  Is  this  the  map  that  you  made  of  that  locality? 
(Counsel  presents  map  to  witness.)  A.  Yes,  sir. 

Plaintiff's  counsel  offered  in  evidence  the  map  re- 
ferred to.  Received  in  evidence,  and  marked 
Exhibit  "A." 

Q.  Will  you  state  the  condition  of  the  crossing 
at  the  time  you  made  this  map  ?  A.  The  railway 
at  that  time  consisted  of  one  track.  A  second 


98 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


4=r 


c  -  1 


v.. 


-i. 


</  <> 


/C 


<:       / 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  99 

track  was  then  being  graded.     The  railway  crossed  the 
highway  nearly  at  grade. 

Q.  Did  you  observe  the  condition  of  the  track  east 
of  the  highway?  A.  I  did. 

Q.  Was  there  a  high  snow  fence  on  the  north  side 
of  the  track,  east  of  the  highway? 

Defendant's  counsel  objected  to  the  question  as 
leading,  and  upon  the  further  ground  that  the 
condition  of  the  premises  to  the  east  is  not  ma- 
terial, for  the  reason  that  it  is  not  claimed  the 
engine  which  caused  the  injury  complained  of 
was  approaching  from  that  direction. 
The  Court  held  that  the  evidence  was  competent, 
because  it  was  the  duty  of  a  traveler  when  ap- 
proaching a  crossing  to  look  both  ways,  and  the 
evidence  was  proper,  as  showing  what  attention 
was  required  from  the  traveler  in  looking  to  the 
east.  The  Court  ruled  that  the  form  of  the 
question  was  improper. 

Q.  What,  if  anything,  did  you  observe  east  of  the 
highway  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  track  ?  A.  There 
was  a  high  snow  fence  there. 

Cross-examined  by  Mr.  Milburn  : 
Q.    Do      you      know      what      time      of      year      it 
was      when      this      accident      happened  ?          A.      I 


100  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


AA 


V 


i  \ 

0 


n  '  c  . |.  i 


X    >, 


V 


0      \ 


1   . 


\ 


\ 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  101 

only  know  by  hearsay.  I  understood  it  was  in  the 
summer  of  1878. 

Q.  How  long  was  it  after  that  time  that  you  made 
this  survey?  A.  I  think  it  was  the  next  year  after. 

Q.  At  whose  request  did  you  make  that  survey  ? 
A.  At  the  request  of  the  counsel. 

Q.  Was  the  little  boy  who  was  in  the  wagon  at 
the  time  of  the  accident  with  you?  A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Do  you  remember  who  called  your  attention  spe- 
cially to  this  willow-tree,  the  ascertaining  of  its  exact 
location,  and  the  putting  of  it  rather  prominently  on 
your  map  ?  A.  I  don't  remember  any  conversation 
about  it. 

Q.  How  long  was  it  after  your  survey  that  you  made 
the  map  ?  A.  My  impression  is  that  I  made  it  within 
a  day  or  two  afterward. 

Q.  When  you  placed  it  on  that  map,  did  you  have 
any  recollection  then  of  the  tree  being  an  existing 
fact  at  that  particular  place  where  you  represented  it, 
or  were  you  going  purely  by  your  memorandum  ?  A. 
I  went  by  my  memoranda,  which  an  engineer  always 
depends  upon  in  making  a  map. 

Q.  Do  you  know  how  far  away  the  woods 
that  you  have  located  on  your  map 


102  THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


\o 

^-  v- 

a       GO 


•t 


A^._,/( 

/ 


X 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  103 

are  east  of  the  highway  ?  A.  About  one  thousand 
feet. 

Q.  Going  down  from  a  point  sixty  feet  from  the 
track  to  the  crossing,  a  train,  or  some  part  of  it,  would 
be  constantly  in  view  from  the  time  it  emerged  from 
the  woods  ?  A.  Yes,  sir ;  that  is  my  recollection  of  it. 

FEED  GAY,  sworn  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff,  and 
examined  by  Mr.  Bartlett,  testified  as  follows: 

Q.  How  old  are  you  ?     A.  Eleven  last  October. 

Q.  Where  do  you  live  now?  A.  At  my  uncle 
Orlando  Gay's. 

Q.  Do  you  remember  when  your  father  was  killed  ? 
A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Do  you  know  what  day  of  the  week  it  was?  A. 
It  was  Friday,  I  think. 

Q.  Where  was  it  he  was  killed  ?  A.  Upon  the 
crossing  near  Attica. 

Q.  Were  you  with  him  ?  A.  Yes,  sir,  and  my 
brother. 

Q.  What  were  you  riding  in  ?  A.  It  was  a  light 
wagon — what  they  call  a  democrat  wagon,  I  think. 

Q.  Were  you  driving  fast  or  slow?     A.  Slow. 

Q.  Do  you  remember  of  hearing  music  playing  ?  A. 
Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Where  was  that  ?  A.  That  was  at  the  fair- 
ground. We  stopped  there. 


104  THE   MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


/  I    .4. 


V 


r  -T7 


\ 


-o-  /L 


C\A-  v 


\    \- 


1  .  '  A  C 


V 


X 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  105 

Q.  When  you  got  there,  were  you  asleep  ?  A.  Yes, 
sir;  and  papa  woke  me  up  to  hear  the  band  play. 

Q.  After  hearing  the  music,  what  did  you  do  ?  A. 
Went  on  towards  home. 

Q.  How  far  did  you  go  ?     A.  To  the  railroad  track. 

Q.  Before  you  got  to  the  track  did  you  do  anything  ? 
A.  Yes,  sir ;  we  looked  to  see  if  we  could  see  and  hear 
the  cars. 

Q.  Which  way  did  you  look?     A.  Both  ways. 

Q.  Did  your  father  look  also?     A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Did  you  see  or  hear  them?     A.  ^To,  sir. 

Q.  How  far  did  you  get  before  you  saw  or  heard 
them?  A.  Eight  on  to  the  track. 

Q.  Then  what  did  you  see  ?  A.  I  saw  the  engine 
just  a  little  way  off. 

Q.  And  what  occurred  then?  A.  I  think  papa  put 
me  down  at  the  front  end  of  the  buggy. 

Q.  Then  what  did  you  do — what  happened  then  ? 
A.  I  don't  remember. 

Q.  Did  the  engine  strike  the  buggy  ?     A.  Yes,  sir. 


106  THE  MODEEN  STENOGEAPHER. 


-X^r 


•  \ 


C 


T; 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  107 

Q.  Where  did  you  go  ?  A.  I  went  kind  of  south- 
west, I  think,  from  the  crossing. 

Q.  Where  were  you  when  you  found  yourself  ?  A. 
Lying  on  the  grass  at  Uncle  Arch's,  and  then  they  took 
me  in  the  house,  and  put  me  in  the  bed. 

Q.  Did  your  leg  or  side  pain  you  any  ?  A.  Yes,  sir, 
I  was  sore  and  lame. 

Q.  How  long  were  you  lame?  A.  Three  or  four 
weeks. 

Q.  Where  did  you  go  from  your  Uncle  Arch's?  A. 
I  went  to  the  funeral,  and  then  went  down  to  Uncle 
Orlando's. 

Q.  Were  your  father  and  little  brother  buried  at  the 
same  time  ?  A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  After  the  funeral,  tell  the  jury  whether  you  suf- 
fered any  from  pain  and  sickness?  A.  I  would  have 
the  headaches  and  some  pains.  I  could  not  sleep  on  my 
right  side,  because  I  had  the  pains  in  it. 

O.  B.  ADAMS,  M.  D.,  sworn  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff, 
and  examined  by  Mr.  M.  Bartlett,  testified  as  follows : 

Q.  Are  you  a  practicing  physician  and  surgeon  ?  A. 
I  am. 

Q.  Do  you  know  the  plaintiff,  Fred  Gay  ?  A.  Yes, 
sir;  he  was  brought  into  my  office  for  a  prescription 
some  two  years  ago. 


108 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


r  • 


n . 


(x 


S- 


"i 


C1 


S  ) 


K 


/ 


1 


V-x 


/} 


// 


V 


) 

Co 


<^\      ' 


:21 


3  .  ^  C 


V 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  109 

Q.  Tell  the  jury  what  kind  of  an  examination  you 
made.  A.  I  made  a  pretty  thorough  examination  of 
the  boy.  He  gave  me  a  little  history  of  the  injury  he 
had  sustained,  and  a  little  history  of  his  condition.  I 
wanted  to  get  at  whether  the  sickness  for  which  I  was 
prescribing  was  dependent  upon  some  remote  cause,  or 
whether  it  was  some  simple  indisposition.  I  found  a 
slight  abnormity  on  one  side.  Just  what  the  character 
of  that  was  I  can  not  now  tell.  I  think  there  was  a  dis- 
placement ;  whether  it  was  a  dislocation  of  the  rib,  or 
fracture  of  the  rib,  I  do  not  remember.  He  was  suffer- 
ing from  pain  in  the  side. 

Q.  Now,  assuming  that  this  boy  was  eleven  years 
old  last  October ;  that  prior  to  the  2d  day  of  August, 
1878,  he  had  been  a  healthy  child ;  that  on  that  day, 
while  crossing  the  railway,  the  vehicle  in  which  he 
was  being  conveyed  collided  with  a  train,  and  he  was 
thrown  from  the  vehicle  several  feet  out  upon  the 
ground ;  that  he  was  found  crying,  and  on  examination 
it  was  discovered  that  his  side  presented  the  appear- 
ance of  ecchymosis  for  a  considerable  space ;  that  while 

10 


110 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


x./  \  . 


yL  L 


VI 

Vo 


^i 


\ 


1 


A V 


\ 


3   ±z\ 

N  .  c/ A 


\ 

0 


V 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  HI 

in  school,  standing  in  his  class,  he  would  become  very 
pale,  and  would  be  taken  with  severe  headaches;  that 
from  that  time  until  the  present  he  is  subject  to  fre- 
quent headaches  and  nausea ;  that  when  passing  near  a 
railroad  track,  and  seeing  the  cars,  he  would  become 
nervous  and  nearly  frantic ;  to  what  would  you  attribute 
that  condition  ?  A.  Well,  if  he  had  this  pain  superven- 
ing immediately  upon  receiving  the  injury,  of  course  I 
would  attribute  it  to  the  injury,  if  he  never  had  it  be- 
fore. The  fact  of  his  being  nervous  near  the  cars  would 
be  attributable  to  his  having  received  the  injury  by  that 
cause. 

Q.  From  the  examination  you  have  made,  and  as- 
suming the  facts  I  have  stated,  what  would  you  say 
as  to  whether  the  injuries  he  has  received  will  be  likely 
to  be  permanent  in  their  character?  A.  I  think  they 
will  be  permanent. 

The  plaintiff  here  rested. 

Defendant's  counsel  moved  for  a  non-suit,  on  the 
ground  of  the  contributory  negligence  of  the  plaintiff 
and  his  father. 

Also  upon  the  ground  that  no  negligence  is  shown 
on  the  part  of  the  defendant. 


112 


THE  MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


r>     \v        C — < 

\? .    7  ,    ,   c \       \ 


7  1. 


\  ,  L 


7 


7 


"1 

1 


"V 

V 


v_> 

(n 


^  —  r 


\ 


V 


Y 


N 


a 

.  .c  •  ( 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  113 


PORTION   OF  A   CHARGE   TO   THE   JURY  DELIVERED   BY  HON. 
CHARLES   DANIELS,  JUSTICE   OF   THE   SUPREME   COURT. 

GENTLEHEX  OF  THE  JURY:  The  indictment  in  this 
case  charges  the  defendant  with  the  crime  of  bribery. 
It  is  alleged  in  substance  that  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year  1871,  after  he  had  been  elected  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  and  had  entered  upon  his  duties  as  such 
officer,  he  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Mr.  Hand, 
and  with  Mr.  Bennett,  representing  Mr.  Hand,  by 
which  it  was  agreed  and  understood  that  an  applica- 
tion should  be  made  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Hand,  as  a  con- 
tractor, for  extra  compensation  for  work  done  for  the 
State  of  Xew  York  under  three  contracts  that  had  been 
awarded  to  him,  and  that  the  defendant  in  this  action 
should  be  interested  in  the  extra  compensation  that 
might  be  procured,  and  should  have  a  portion  of  the 
amount  that  might  possibly  be  awarded  upon  such  an 
application,  and  that  he  should  interest  himself  in  pro- 
curing the  passage  of  a  law  by  which  this  allowance 
might  be  secured  by  the  contractors.  This,  gentlemen, 
is  the  substance  of  the  allegation  as  to  the  agreement 
which  it  is  averred  was  made  between  these  persons 
and  the  defendant ;  and  then  the  affirmation  is  fol- 
lowed by  other  allegations,  stating  that  the  defendant 
did  thereupon  procure  the  passage  of  the  law,  and 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


^ 


n 


'•  _; _., 


• 


7 


"T 

V 


7 


X3      —  P 

/  J 


\ 


X, 


\ 


°    < 


(/ 


\    A-^.      - 


V 


_  p  \ 

r      d  ) 

V  *    (.—^  s    ' 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY,  H5 

by  that  law  the  Canal  Commissioners  were  authorized 
to  investigate  the  claim  which  it  was  contemplated 
these  persons  should  make,  and  that  they  did  investi- 
gate the  claim,  and  made  awards  in  favor  of  the 
claimants,  and  that  the  claimants  and  the  defendant  in 
this  case  participated  in  a  division  of  the  proceeds. 
That  is  substantially  the  case  as  it  is  presented  by  the 
indictment,  and  it  is  claimed  on  behalf  of  the  people 
that  this  case  has  been  established  by  the  evidence ;  and 
if  it  has,  then,  of  course,  the  defendant  in  this  case  is 
guilty  of  the  charge  alleged  against  him  in  this  in- 
dictment. It  is,  however,  for  you  to  determine  whether 
this  charge  has  been  sustained  by  the  evidence.  If  it 
has  not  been  sustained  to  your  satisfaction  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  remove  all  reasonable  doubt  upon  the  sub- 
ject, then  the  prosecution  has  failed,  and  the  defendant 
in  the  case  would  necessarily  be  entitled  to  a  ver- 
dict. 

There  are  many  important  facts  bearing  upon  the 
case  as  it  is  presented  by  the  prosecution,  which  are 
substantially  conceded,  or  at  least  were  proved  by  evi- 
dence of  so  satisfactory  and  complete  a  character  as 
to  leave  no  substantial  room  for  controversy  as  to  their 
existence.  Among  these  facts  is  the  circumstance  that 


116 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER 


1870 


f 


J 


x> 

/ 


"1  -^    *  C 


c 


tr 


^, 

T 


BEADING  PHONOGRAPHY.  H7 

the  contract  was  let  to  John  Hand,  in  the  year  1868 
and  the  year  1869  or  1870 ;  at  all  events,  the  evidence 
shows  beyond  all  dispute  that  John  Hand  was  awarded 
by  the  Canal  Department  of  the  State  three  contracts — 
one  for  dredging  out  the  Erie  Basin,  another  for  the 
Ohio  Basin^  and  another  for  clearing  Black  Rock  Har- 
bor. These  were  the  contracts  under  which  the  work 
was  performed,  and  on  which  it  was  contemplated  that 
a  claim  for  extra  compensation  should  be  made  against 
the  State.  There  is  no  substantial  controversy  as  to  the 
fact  that  these  persons  went  on  under  these  contracts, 
and  performed  the  work  which  they  were  bound  to 
perform,  for  the  purpose  of  completing  the  contracts, 
and  entitling  themselves  to  the  extra  compensation  that 
the  State  agreed  to  pay  for  the  performance  of  these 
services.  Neither,  gentlemen,  is  there  any  controversy 
in  the  case,  as  the  evidence  now  stands,  but  that  the 
defendant  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  1871,  at  the 
election  which  was  held  in  the  year  1870.  He  was 
elected  as  one  of  the  members  to  represent  the  county 
of  Monroe,  and,  according  to  the  oath  that  was  taken, 
which  has  been  produced  and  read  in  your  hearing,  he 
took  his  oath  of  office  on  the  third  day  of  January,  1 871, 


118 


THE  MODERN  STENOGRAPHER. 


4  C 


S 


\ 


//  ; 


)  (A  A    ^ 


s 


1 

> 


tr 


C 


V 


X. 


.  rr 


x 


\r 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  119 

and  entered  upon  his  duties  as  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
bly, and  continued  to  discharge  those  duties,  according 
to  the  evidence  that  has  been  given  here,  from  that  time 
down  to  the  period  when  the  Assembly  adjourned. 
During  the  intervening  period,  the  law  in  controversy 
in  this  case,  and  concerning  which  so  much  has  been 
said,  was  introduced  for  the  action  of  the  Assembly. 
On  the  8th  day  of  March,  1871,  it  came  to  a  vote  in 
the  Assembly,  and  on  that  occasion  the  vote  was  favor- 
able to  the  bill,  it  receiving  the  majority  required  by  the 
Constitution  in  order  to  pass  it  as  the  act  of  the  House. 
It  appears,  further,  in  this  case,  that  the  defendant  was 
one  of  the  persons  who  voted  for  the  passage  of  thie 
bill ;  and  it  is  claimed  that  this  vote  on  his  part  was 
the  result  of  the  agreement,  or  understanding,  that  is 
claimed  to  have  been  had  between  himself  and  Ben- 
nett, acting  on  behalf  of  this  firm,  for  the  purpose  of 
influencing  his  conduct  officially  by  means  of  improper 
motives. 

The  Constitution  contemplates,  when  persons  are 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  that  they  will  act  in  fidelity 
to  the  public  interests,  having  a  just  regard  for  the 
interests  of  individuals,  but  at  the  same  time  to  stand 
substantially  impartial  between  individuals  and  the  pub- 
lic, whose  interests  they  are  called  upon  to  control. 


THE  MODERX  STENOGRAPHER. 


-IDst 


(  S/i  /" 


^l 


;& 


p 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  121 


SUPREME  COURT. 
THE  GOLDEN  GATE  MINING  Co. 

99. 

THE  BuTTERFIELD  OVERLAND    DESPATCH. 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y  ,  February  6,  1882. 

Before  Hon.  GEORGE  BARKER,  Justice,  and  a  jury. 

Counsel  for  the  plaintiff,  Messrs.  GREENE,  McMiLLAN 
&  GLIVK. 

Counsel  for  the  defendant,  Messrs.  LEWIS,  MOOT  & 
LEWIS. 

Plaintiff's  counsel  offered  in  evidence  bills  of  lading, 
dated  Atchison,  Kansas,  September  28,  1865. 

Received  and  read  in  evidence,  marked  Exhibit 
"  A." 

JOHN  M.  TRIVET,  sworn  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff, 
and  examined  by  Mr.  Greene,  testified  as  follows : 

Q.  Where  do  you  reside  ?  A.  In  Ripley  Township, 
Chautauqua  County. 

Q.  Are  you  the  person  named  as  a  contracting  party 
in  that  contract  ?  A.  Yes,  sir — one  of  them ;  I  con- 
tracted with  these  defendants. 

Q.  Is  the  contract  offered  in  evidence  the  contract 

that  you  made  with  them  ?     A.  Yes,  sir. 
11 


122 


THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


<2 


3. 


9 


7 


/ 


/ 


/I 


READING   PHONOGRAPHY.  123 

Q.  Under  that  contract  did  you  take  the  freight  ? 
A.  I  did. 

Q.  About  what  date  did  you  start  for  Atchison  ?  A. 
Somewhere  from  the  28th  to  the  30th  of  September, 
1865.  1  signed  the  bill  of  lading  on  the  28th.  I  was 
some  two  weeks  in  loading  the  freight. 

Q.  At  what  time  did  you  arrive  at  Bannock  ?  A.  I 
arrived  at  Bannock  on  the  9th  of  August,  '66. 

Q.  Where  did  you  winter  in  1865  and  1866?  A.  I 
wintered  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  little 
northwest  of  Denver,  Colorado. 

Q.  When  did  you  make  delivery  of  the  freight  at 
Bannock  ?  A.  On  the  10th  of  August,  '66. 

Q.  To  whom  did  you  deliver?  A.  To  the  con- 
signees named  in  the  bill  of  lading. 

Q.  Do  you  remember  the  names?  A.  One  consign- 
ment was  to  K.  E.  Wood ;  the  freight  was  marked  "  N. 
E.  W." 

Q.  That  freight  was  delivered  at  Bannock  ?  A.  Tes, 
sir. 

Q.  What  freight  did  you  take  to  Virginia  City? 
How  marked  ?  A.  It  was  marked  "  G.  G." 

Q.  Meaning  the  Golden  Gate  Mining  Company  ?  A. 
Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Were  you  there?  A.  Yes,  sir;  I  delivered  it 
personally. 


124 


THE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


I    ' 


7 


/ 


XL 


\ 


r  \     f  • 

\     *LS   N    I 

)r 


c  w . 


\  i  V 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  125 

Q.  To  whom  was  that  delivered  ?  A.  That  was 
delivered  to  one  Wilber  F.  Saunders. 

Q.  Was  he  a  member  of  the  Golden  Gate  Mining 
Company  ?  A.  No,  sir. 

Q.  Do  you  know  the  Golden  Gate  Mining  Company  ? 
A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Was  this  delivered  to  the  company?  A.  They 
had  authorized  him  to  receive  it. 

Q.  Do  you  know  that  this  went  into  the  possession 
of  the  Golden  Gate  Mining  Company  ?  A.  I  do,  sir. 

Q.  This  freight  marked  "J.  K.,"  what  was  that? 
Was  that  destined  for  Bannock?  A.  "J.  K."  denotes 
John  Kaiser,  President  of  the  Bullion  Mining  Com- 
pany. 

Q.  To  whom  was  it  delivered  ?     A.  To  John  Kaiser. 

Q.  Did  you  see  personally  to  the  delivery  of  all  this 
freight?  A.  I  did. 

Q.  When  was  the  delivery  of  this  freight  at  Virginia 
City  ?  A.  It  was  on  the  13th  day  of  August,  1866. 

Q.  Was  there  any  one  there  at  either  of  these  places 
to  represent  the  Butterfield  Overland  Despatch  ?  A. 
No,  sir ;  not  that  I  saw. 

Q.  How  many  days  did  you  remain  at  Bannock 
before  there  was  a  delivery  of  the  freight  ?  A.  I  was 
at  Bannock  with  my  freight  before  I  commenced  de- 
livery. 

Q.  And  how  long  did  you  stop  at  Virginia 
City  ?  A.  Well,  my  train  arrived  at  Bannock 


126  'HIE   MODERN   STENOGRAPHER. 


""N. 

J 


3  C  A 


7 


1 


kM 


U       l.    V 


7> 


C 


/ 


0 


READING  PHONOGRAPHY.  127 

tirst.  I  unloaded  that  freight,  and  went  from  there  to 
Virginia  City  ;  and  when  I  got  to  Virginia  City  myself, 
I  found  that  portion  of  the  train  there  ready  to  unload, 
and  the  next  day  we  unloaded  the  freight. 

Q.  You  were  there  personally  to  see  to  it  ?  A.  Yes, 
sir. 

Q.  How  much  have  you  received  on  that  contract  ? 
A.  I  received  a  check  or  draft  for  $10,000  at  the 
time  I  took  the  contract,  and  I  gave  a  receipt  for 
$10,700  ;  that  was  a  condition  they  imposed  upon  me. 


THE    KM  i. 


PENMANSHIP. 

THE  authors  of  the  series  of  Copy-Books  published  by  the  American 
Book  Company  have  been  the  leaders  in  penmanship  instruction  and 
methods  in  this  country  for  half  a  century.    Each  series  has  been  recently 
revised,  and  great  attention  has  been  paid  to  grading  and  the  distribution 
of  letters  and  their  peculiar  combinations  throughout  the  various  numbers. 


APPLETONS'  STANDARD   COPY-BOOKS. 

By  LYMAN  D.  SMITH. 

New  Tracing  Course,  four  numbers,  i,  2,  3  and  4.  Per  doz.  .  72  cents 
Short  Course,  seven  numbers,  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6  and  7.  Per  doz.  .  72  cents 
Grammar  Course,  ten  numbers,  i,  2,  3,  4,  4^,  5  and  6,  and  Exercise  Books 

A,  B  and  C.  Per  doz 96  cents 

Business  Forms,  three  numbers,  i,  2  and  3.  Per  doz.,  Nos.  i  and  2,  $1.20 

No.  3 96  cents 

These  books  are  designed  to  produce  free,  practical  writing.    Letters  are 

taught  as  wholes. 
The  Tracing,  Short  and  Grammar  Courses  are  independent  of  each  other, 

and  each  is  complete  in  itself.     But  progressive  grading  is  maintained 

throughout. 

BARNES'S  NATIONAL  SYSTEM   OF  PENMANSHIP. 

National  Series,  six  numbers,  i,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  6.     Per  doz.        .  $1.00 

Brief  Course,  six  numbers,  i,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  6.  Per  doz.  .  .  75  cents 
Tracing  Course,  two  numbers,  i  and  2.  Per  doz.  .  .  .75  cents 

The  series  for  ungraded  schools  is  complete  in  six  books,  but  for  large 
graded  schools  the  more  elementary  courses  are  supplied  to  complete 
the  gradation.  The  business  forms  include  checks,  notes,  drafts,  re- 
ceipts, etc.,  printed  on  patent  safety-tint  paper. 

PAYSON,   DUNTON   AND    SCRIBNER'S    NATIONAL 
SERIES  OF  COPY-BOOKS. 

School  Series,  new  edition,  six  numbers,  1,2,3, 4,sand  6.  Per  doz.,  96  cents 
Business  Series,  three  numbers,  7,  n  and  12.  Per  doz.  .  .  96  cents 
Ladies'  Series,  three  numbers,  8,  9  and  10.  Per  doz.  .  .  96  cents 
Primary  Tracing  Books,  two  numbers,  i  and  2.  Per  doz.  .  72  cents 
Primary  Short  Course,  six  numbers,  i%,  2%,  3^,  4, 5, 6.  Per  doz.  72  cents 
Pencil  Series,  seven  numbers.  A,  B,  'K1/.  C,  D,  EandF.  Per  doz.,  45  cents 

A  new  edition  of  these  books  is  now  in  course  of  preparation,  and  the 
School  Series  vsix  numbers)  is  completed.  This  series  has  been  care- 
fully revised  and  re-engraved.  The  order  of  difficulty  has  been  in- 
creased to  more  thoroughly  meet  the  wants  of  graded  schools,  and 
advanced  work  is  taken  up  earlier  than  in  the  old  series.  A  special 
feature  of  importance  is  the  text  matter  of  the  cover  page,  giving  a 
complete  and  clear  analysis  of  both  small  letters  and  capitals,  with  one 
page  devoted  to  movement  exercises.  The  remaining  books  of  the 
new  edition  will  be  issued  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

[*!•] 


PENMANSHIP  —  CONTINUED. 


ECLECTIC    COPY-BOOKS. 

Primary  Copy-Book.    Per  doz 72  cents 

Elementary  Course,  three  numbers,  i,  z  and  3.    Per  doz.        .    72  cents 

New  Eclectic   Copy-Books,  ten  numbers,  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  6J£,  7,  8  and  g. 

Per  doz. 96  cents 

In  these  copy-books,  simple,  legible,  and  business-like  style  of  capitals  and 
small  letters  is  adopted.  Each  letter  is  given  separately  at  first  and 
then  in  combination.  The  spacing  is  open,  the  analysis  simple,  explan- 
ations are  clear,  concise  and  complete.  The  lower  numbers  have  been 
entirely  re-engraved,  and  the  other  numbers  have  been  thoroughly 
revised. 

HARPER'S   NEW   GRADED  COPY-BOOKS. 

By  H.  W.  SHAYLOR. 

Tracing  Course,  two  numbers,  i  and  2.  Per  doz.  .  .  .72  cents 
Primary  Course,  seven  numbers,  i,  2, 3,  4,  5,  6  and  7.  Per  doz.,  80  cents 
Grammar  Course,  eight  numbers,  1,2, 3, 4, 5,6,  7 and  8.  Per  doz.,  $1.08 

Throughout  the  series  only  plain,  practical  styles  of  letters  are  given  for 
imitation.  All  flourished  forms  are  avoided.  It  has  been  the  design 
of  the  author  to  secure  a  neat,  plain,  legible  style  of  penmanship.  The 
arrangement  of  the  primary  course  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of 
the  grammar  course.  The  difference  between  the  two  is  chiefly  in  the 
size  of  the  books. 

SPENCERIAN   PENMANSHIP.— Revised  Edition. 

I.  The  Primary  Course.    Twelve  Cards,  designed  to  fix  correct  habits 

in  the  very  first  year  of  school.    Per  set 10  cents 

Spencers'    Primary   Writing    Tablet    No.    i.     To  accompany  the 
above  cards 10  cents 

II.  The  Tracing  Course.    Nos.  i,  2,  3  and  4.    Per  doz.     .        .    72  cents 

III.  The  Shorter  Course.    Nos.  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6  and  7.    Per  doz.,    72  cents 

IV.  The  Common-School  Course.     Nos.  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7  and  8.    Per 
doz. 96  cents 

The  Spencerian  Copy-Books  in  their  various  editions  have  continually  kept 
pace  with  the  general  improvements  in  methods  of  teaching.  In  this 
revised  edition  the  fundamental  idea  throughout  is  to  maintain  the 
educational  and  logical  character  of  the  system  in  the  development  of 
the  art,  while  the  artistic  and  mechanical  excellence  is  kept  fully  up  to 
the  quality  which  has  always  distinguished  the  Spencerian.  Each  book 
possesses  original  and  valuable  features. 


Correspondence  in  reference  to  the  introduction  of  the  above  books  is  cord- 
ially invited.  Copies  will  be  sent,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price.  Full  price- 
list  will  be  mailed  on  application. 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY, 

NEW  YORK         .'.         CINCINNATI         .'.  CHICAGO 

[*I2] 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY. 


DRAWING. 

BARNES'S  POPULAR   DRAWING  SERIES. 

Barnes's  Primary  Course.     12  cards,  per  set     .         .  $0.15 

The  Same.     Books  A  to  C,  each  ....  .08 

Barnes's  Free-hand  Course.     Books  i  to  4,  each       .  .10 

Barnes's  Free-hand  Course.     Books  5  to  8,  each       .  .15 

Barnes's  Mechanical  Course.     Books  i  and  2,  each  .  .18 

Barnes's  Perspective  Course.     Books  i  and  2,  each  .  .18 

Barnes's  Projection  Drawing-Book         .        .        .  .18 

This  series  deals  with  drawing  as  a  branch  of  common-school  instruction, 
and  gives  it  a  wide  educational  value.  The  manuals  accompanying  the  series 
contain  practical  instructions  for  conducting  drawing  in  the  class-room. 

The  books  and  cards  are  carefully  graded,  the  exercises  are  designed  to  train 
both  hand  and  eye,  and  the  inventive  faculties  are  developed  by  exercises  in 
design. 

BARTHOLOMEW'S  NATIONAL  SYSTEM  OF  INDUS- 
TRIAL DRAWING. 

Bartholomew's  Primary.     Nos.  i  to  4,  per  doz.         .     $0.45 
Bartholomew's   Grammar-School   Course.     Nos.  5 

to  13,  per  doz.         .......          .96 

Bartholomew's  High-School   Course.      Nos.  14  to 

17,  per  doz. 1.44 

Bartholomew's  High-School  Course.      No.  18,  per 

doz 2.25 

These  books  are  printed  by  lithographic  process  in  gray  ink,  closely  resem- 
bling pencil  drawing. 

Some  of  the  special  features  are  the  even  gradation,  the  gradual  transition 
from  exercise  to  exercise  and  book  to  book,  the  original  examples,  the  exercises 
in  tracing. 

One  element  or  principle  forms  the  basis  of  each  book,  and  is  introduced  into 
a.  variety  of  exercises,  affording  the  pupil  constant  repetition. 

ECLECTIC   SYSTEM  OF   DRAWING. 

Eclectic  Drawing-Books.     Nos.  i  to  3,  per  doz.  .  $1.20 

Eclectic  Drawing-Books.     Nos.  4  and- 5,  per  doz.  .  1.75 

Eclectic  Drawing-Books.     Nos.  6  to  9,  per  doz.  .  2.00 

Eclectic  Practice  Drawing-Books,  per  doz.     .  .  .50 

Eclectic  Primary  Drawing-Cards,  per  doz.      .  .  .60 

The  special  features  and  advantages  of  the  Eclectic  System  of  Drawing  are: 
the  practical  and  utilitarian  character  of  the  work,  an  abundance  and  variety 
of  material,  suggestions  and  rules  for  design,  suggestions  for  object  drawing, 
problems  and  explanations  in  mechanical  and  perspective  drawing. 

All  necessary  explanations  are  given  on  the  covers  of  %.hc  drawing  and  prac- 
tice books. 

l*5o] 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY. 

DRAWING  — CONTINUED. 
KRUSI'S  DRAWING  SERIES. 

Kriisi's  Primary  Drawing-Cards.  2  sets,  each  .  $o.  10 

Kriisi's  Easy  Drawing-Lessons.  3  parts,  each  .  .12 

Kriisi's  Synthetic  Series.  Nos.  i  to  4,  each  .  .  .12 

Kriisi's  Analytical  Series.  Nos.  5  to  8,  each  .  .  .16 

Kriisi's  Perspective  Series.  Nos.  9  to  12,  each  .  .21 

Kriisi's  Supplementary  Series.  Nos.  i  to  3,  each  .  .16 

The  Same.  Nos.  4  to  6,  each  ....  .28 

Kriisi's  Outline  and  Relief  Designs.  6  parts,  each  .  .32 

Kriisi's  Textile  Designs.  In  colors.  6  parts,  each  .  .30 

Kriisi's  Mechanical  Drawing.  Cloth  .  .  .  1.80 

The  Same.  In  6  parts,  each  ....  .30 

Kriisi's  Architectural  Drawing.  Cloth  .  .  .  3.24 

The  Same.  In  9  parts,  each  ....  .36 

Kriisi's  Drawing  Tablets .12 

This  system  is  strictly  progressive  and  adapted  to  every  grade  from  the 
primary  classes  to  the  higher  departments  of  the  high  school.  It  has  for  its  basis 
a  knowledge  of  the  actual  forms  in  nature,  leading  the  mind  to  accurate  obser- 
vation, as  well  as  training  the  hand  to  skillful  and  artistic  representation.  It 
applies  art  to  all  the  wants  and  requirements  of  industry. 

WHITE'S   INDUSTRIAL   DRAWING,  REVISED. 

White's  Industrial  Drawing.  Nos.  i  to  8,  per  doz.  $0.96 

White's  Industrial  Drawing.  Nos.  9  to  18,  per  doz.  1.80 
White's  Practice  Book.  Small.  For  Books  i  to  8, 

per  doz.           ........  .72 

White's  Practice  Book.  Large.  For  Books  9  to  18, 

per  doz.           ........  .96 

This  series  has  just  been  thoroughly  revised.  These  books  present  the  very 
alphabet  of  industrial  education,  and  by  their  use  pupils  are  taught  a  deftness 
of  hand,  the  eye  is  trained  and  the  judgment  exercised  in  ways  which  are  in- 
valuable in  after  life. 

The  books  contain  only  work  which  is  directly  educational  in  its  character 
and  which  leads,  without  waste  of  time,  to  such  a  knowledge  of  the  subject  as 
is  essential. 


Copies  cf  these  or  any  of  the  publications  of  the  American  Book  Company  for 
the  use  of  teachers  or  school  officers,  or  for  examination  with  a  vieiv  to  intro- 
duction, will  be  sent  by  mail, postpaid,  on  receipt  of  the  list  or  introduction  price. 

AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY, 

NEW  YORK  riXCIXXA-7--  CHICAGO. 

[*5'  ! 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


JAN  1 1  19«f 


Form  L9 — 15m-10,'48  (B1039 )  444 


UNIVERSITY  ol  CALIFORNIA 

AT 
LOS  ANGELES 


• 


LA'W  » 

.   1»*JU'  -•         ' 


